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arXiv:2201.13126 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Current correlations, Drude weights and large deviations in a box–ball system

Atsuo Kuniba, Grégoire Misguich, Vincent Pasquier

Published May 6, 2022• 10 citations

Abstract

Abstract We explore several aspects of the current fluctuations and correlations in the box–ball system, an integrable cellular automaton in one space dimension. The state we consider is an ensemble of microscopic configurations where the box occupancies are independent random variables (i.i.d. state), with a given mean ball density. We compute several quantities exactly in such homogeneous stationary state: the mean value and the variance of the number of balls N t crossing the origin during time t , and the scaled cumulants generating function associated to N t . We also compute two spatially integrated current–current correlations. The first one, involving the long-time limit of the current–current correlations, is the so-called Drude weight and is obtained with thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA). The second one, involving equal time current–current correlations is calculated using a transfer matrix approach. A family of generalized currents, associated to the conserved charges and to the different time evolutions of the models are constructed. The long-time limits of their correlations generalize the Drude weight and the second cumulant of N t and are found to obey nontrivial symmetry relations. They are computed using TBA and the results are found to be in good agreement with microscopic simulations of the model. TBA is also used to compute explicitly the whole family of flux Jacobian matrices. Finally, some of these results are extended to a (non-i.i.d.) two-temperatures generalized Gibbs state (with one parameter coupled to the total number of balls, and another one coupled to the total number of solitons).

DOI: 10.1088/1751-8121/ac6d8c

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Based on the method of hydrodynamic projections we derive a concise formula for the Drude weight of the repulsive Lieb-Liniger \delta δ -Bose gas. Our formula contains only quantities which are obtainable from the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. The Drude weight is an infinite-dimensional matrix, or bilinear functional: it is bilinear in the currents, and each current may refer to a general linear combination of the conserved charges of the model. As a by-product we obtain the dynamical two-point correlation functions involving charge and current densities at small wavelengths and long times, and in addition the scaled covariance matrix of charge transfer. We expect that our formulas extend to other integrable quantum models.

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Generalized hydrodynamics in complete box-ball system for

U_q(\widehat{sl}_n)

We introduce the complete box-ball system (cBBS), which is an integrable cellular automaton on 1D lattice associated with the quantum group U_q(\widehat{sl}_n) U q ( s l ̂ n ) . Compared with the conventional (n-1) ( n − 1 ) -color BBS, it enjoys a remarkable simplification that scattering of solitons is totally diagonal. We also submit the cBBS to randomized initial conditions and study its non-equilibrium behavior by thermodynamic Bethe ansatz and generalized hydrodynamics. Excellent agreement is demonstrated between theoretical predictions and numerical simulation on the density plateaux generated from domain wall initial conditions including their diffusive broadening.

We evaluate the exact energy current and scaled cumulant generating function (related to the large-deviation function) in non-equilibrium steady states with energy flow, in any integrable model of relativistic quantum field theory (IQFT) with diagonal scattering. Our derivations are based on various recent results of D. Bernard and B. Doyon. The steady states are built by connecting homogeneously two infinite halves of the system thermalized at different temperatures Tl, Tr, and waiting for a long time. We evaluate the current J(Tl, Tr) using the exact QFT density matrix describing these non-equilibrium steady states and using Al.B. Zamolodchikov’s method of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz (TBA). The scaled cumulant generating function is obtained from the extended fluctuation relations which hold in integrable models. We verify our formula in particular by showing that the conformal field theory (CFT) result is obtained in the high-temperature limit. We analyze numerically our non-equilibrium steady-state TBA equations for three models: the sinh-Gordon model, the roaming trajectories model, and the sine-Gordon model at a particular reflectionless point. Based on the numerics, we conjecture that an infinite family of non-equilibrium c-functions, associated to the scaled cumulants, can be defined, which we interpret physically. We study the full scaled distribution function and find that it can be described by a set of independent Poisson processes. Finally, we show that the “additivity ” property of the current, which is known to hold in CFT and was proposed to hold more generally, does not hold in general IQFT, that is J(Tl, Tr) is not of the form f(Tl)−f(Tr).

Based on a generalized free energy we derive exact thermodynamic Bethe ansatz formulas for the expectation value of the spin current, the spin current-charge, charge-charge correlators, and consequently the Drude weight. These formulas agree with recent conjectures within the generalized hydrodynamics formalism. They follow, however, directly from a proper treatment of the operator expression of the spin current. The result for the Drude weight is identical to the one obtained 20 years ago based on the Kohn formula and TBA. We numerically evaluate the Drude weight for anisotropies \Delta=\cos(\gamma) Δ = cos ( γ ) with \gamma = \pi n/m γ = π n / m , n\leq m n ≤ m integer and coprime. We prove, furthermore, that the high-temperature asymptotics for general \gamma=\pi n/m γ = π n / m —obtained by analysis of the quantum transfer matrix eigenvalues—agrees with the bound which has been obtained by the construction of quasi-local charges.