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arXiv:2112.11635 · PRX Quantum

Breaking the Rate-Loss Bound of Quantum Key Distribution with Asynchronous Two-Photon Interference

Yuan-Mei Xie, Yu-Shuo Lu, Chen-Xun Weng, Xiaoyu Cao, Zhao-Ying Jia, Yu Bao, Yang Wang, Yao Fu, Hua‐Lei Yin, Zeng‐Bing Chen

Published Apr 21, 2022• 290 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Twin-field quantum key distribution can overcome the secret key capacity of repeaterless quantum key distribution via single-photon interference.However, to compensate for the channel fluctuations and lock the laser fluctuations, the techniques of phase tracking and phase locking are indispensable in experiment, which drastically increase experimental complexity and hinder free-space realization.We herein present an asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol that can surpass the secret key capacity even without phase tracking and phase locking.Leveraging the concept of time multiplexing, asynchronous two-photon Bell-state measurement is realized by postmatching two interference detection events.For a 1 GHz system, the new protocol reaches a transmission distance of 450 km without phase tracking.After further removing phase locking, our protocol is still capable of breaking the capacity at 270 km.Intriguingly, when using the same experimental techniques, our protocol has a higher key rate than the phase-matching-type twin-field protocol.In the presence of imperfect intensity modulation, it also has a significant advantage in terms of the transmission distance over the sending-or-not-sendingtype twin-field protocol.With high key rates and accessible technology, our work provides a promising candidate for practical scalable quantum communication networks.

DOI
10.1103/prxquantum.3.020315

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Twin-field quantum key distribution can overcome the secret key capacity of repeaterless quantum key distribution via single-photon interference.However, to compensate for the channel fluctuations and lock the laser fluctuations, the techniques of phase tracking and phase locking are indispensable in experiment, which drastically increase experimental complexity and hinder free-space realization.We herein present an asynchronous measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution protocol that can surpass the secret key capacity even without phase tracking and phase locking.Leveraging the concept of time multiplexing, asynchronous two-photon Bell-state measurement is realized by postmatching two interference detection events.For a 1 GHz system, the new protocol reaches a transmission distance of 450 km without phase tracking.After further removing phase locking, our protocol is still capable of breaking the capacity at 270 km.Intriguingly, when using the same experimental techniques, our protocol has a higher key rate than the phase-matching-type twin-field protocol.In the presence of imperfect intensity modulation, it also has a significant advantage in terms of the transmission distance over the sending-or-not-sendingtype twin-field protocol.With high key rates and accessible technology, our work provides a promising candidate for practical scalable quantum communication networks.
Implementation of a twin-field quantum key distribution network faces limitations, including the low tolerance of interference errors for phase-matching-type protocols and the strict constraint regarding intensity and probability for sending-or-not-sending-type protocols. Here we propose a two-photon twin-field quantum key distribution protocol and achieve twin-field-type two-photon interference through postmatching phase-correlated single-photon interference events. We exploit the noninterference mode as the code mode to highly tolerate interference errors and the two-photon interference naturally removes the intensity and probability constraint. Therefore, our protocol can transcend the above-mentioned limitations while breaking the secret key capacity of repeaterless quantum key distribution. Simulations show that for a four-user network, under which each node with fixed system parameters can dynamically switch different attenuation links, the key rates of our protocol for all six links can either exceed or approach the secret key capacity. However, the key rates of all links are lower than the key capacity when using phase-matching-type protocols. Additionally, four of the links could not extract the key when using sending-or-not-sending-type protocols. We anticipate that our protocol can facilitate the development of practical and efficient quantum networks.
Channel loss seems to be the most severe limitation on the practical application of long distance quantum key distribution. The idea of twin-field quantum key distribution can improve the key rate from the linear scale of channel loss in the traditional decoy-state method to the square root scale of the channel transmittance. However, the technical demands are rather tough because they require single photon level interference of two remote independent lasers. Here, we adopt the technology developed in the frequency and time transfer to lock two independent laser wavelengths and utilize additional phase reference light to estimate and compensate the fiber fluctuation. Further, with a single photon detector with a high detection rate, we demonstrate twin field quantum key distribution through the sending-or-not-sending protocol with a realistic phase drift over 300 km optical fiber spools. We calculate the secure key rates with the finite size effect. The secure key rate at 300 km (1.96×10^{-6}) is higher than that of the repeaterless secret key capacity (8.64×10^{-7}).
The linear constraint of secret key rate capacity is overcome by the twin-field quantum key distribution (QKD). However, the complex phase-locking and phase-tracking technique requirements throttle the real-life applications of the twin-field protocol. The asynchronous measurement-device-independent (AMDI) QKD, also called the mode-pairing QKD, protocol can relax the technical requirements and keep the similar performance of the twin-field protocol. Here, we propose an AMDI-QKD protocol with a nonclassical light source by changing the phase-randomized weak coherent state to a phase-randomized coherent-state superposition in the signal state time window. Simulation results show that our proposed hybrid source protocol significantly enhances the key rate of the AMDI-QKD protocol, while exhibiting robustness to imperfect modulation of nonclassical light sources.
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF QKD) can overcome the fundamental rate loss limit of repeaterless quantum links, but its practical deployment has long been hindered by the requirement of global phase locking between two independent lasers. By revisiting the fundamental principles of optical interference, this work reveals that interference in TF QKD inherently relies only on the instantaneous phase alignment of two independent optical pulses at the moment they temporally overlap, rather than on continuous global phase synchronization. Guided by this insight, we propose and demonstrate a single-sideband-interference TF-QKD protocol that eliminates global phase locking. Each user employs an IQ modulator to generate a weak single sideband as the quantum signal, while the intrinsically phase-correlated optical carrier propagates as a real-time phase reference. Carrier interference at the receiver enables real-time phase extraction and feedback compensation for the sidebands. Unlike prior no phase locking approaches requiring second- or microsecond-level coherence, in principle, our scheme reduces this requirement to nanoseconds. We achieve 98% interference visibility over 100.8 km fibre and secure key rates surpassing the PLOB bound in the high-loss regime, providing a simpler route towards practical long-distance quantum communication networks.
Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) has emerged as a promising solution for practical quantum communication over long-haul fiber. However, previous demonstrations on TF-QKD require the phase locking technique to coherently control the twin light fields, inevitably complicating the system with extra fiber channels and peripheral hardware. Here, we propose and demonstrate an approach to recover the single-photon interference pattern and realize TF-QKD without phase locking. Our approach separates the communication time into reference frames and quantum frames, where the reference frames serve as a flexible scheme for establishing the global phase reference. To do so, we develop a tailored algorithm based on fast Fourier transform to efficiently reconcile the phase reference via data postprocessing. We demonstrate no-phase-locking TF-QKD from short to long distances over standard optical fibers. At 50-km standard fiber, we produce a high secret key rate (SKR) of 1.27 Mbit/s, while at 504-km standard fiber, we obtain the repeaterlike key rate scaling with a SKR of 34 times higher than the repeaterless secret key capacity. Our work provides a scalable and practical solution to TF-QKD, thus representing an important step towards its wide applications.
With the help of quantum key distribution (QKD), two distant peers are able to share informationtheoretical secure key bits.Increasing the key rate is ultimately significant for the applications of QKD in the lossy channel.However, it has been proven that there is a fundamental rate-distance limit, called the linear bound, which restricts the performance of all existing repeaterless protocols and realizations.Surprisingly, a recently proposed protocol, called twin-field (TF) QKD, can beat the linear bound with no need for quantum repeaters.Here, we present one of the first implementations of the TF-QKD protocol and demonstrate its advantage of beating the linear bound at a channel distance of 300 km.In our experiment, a modified TF-QKD protocol that does not assume phase postselection is considered, and thus a higher key rate than the original one is expected.After controlling the phase evolution of the twin fields traveling through hundreds of kilometers of optical fibers, the implemented system achieves high-visibility singlephoton interference and allows stable and high-rate measurement-device-independent QKD.Our experimental demonstration and results confirm the feasibility of the TF-QKD protocol and its prominent superiority in long-distance key distribution services.