The exotic nature of quantum mechanics makes machine learning (ML) be different in the quantum realm compared to classical applications. ML can be used for knowledge discovery using information continuously extracted from a quantum system in a broad range of tasks. The model receives streaming quantum information for learning and decision-making, resulting in instant feedback on the quantum system. As a stream learning approach, we present a deep reinforcement learning on streaming data from a continuously measured qubit at the presence of detuning, dephasing, and relaxation. We also investigate how the agent adapts to another quantum noise pattern by transfer learning. Stream learning provides a better understanding of closed-loop quantum control, which may pave the way for advanced quantum technologies.
The exotic nature of quantum mechanics makes machine learning (ML) be different in the quantum realm compared to classical applications. ML can be used for knowledge discovery using information continuously extracted from a quantum system in a broad range of tasks. The model receives streaming quantum information for learning and decision-making, resulting in instant feedback on the quantum system. As a stream learning approach, we present a deep reinforcement learning on streaming data from a continuously measured qubit at the presence of detuning, dephasing, and relaxation. We also investigate how the agent adapts to another quantum noise pattern by transfer learning. Stream learning provides a better understanding of closed-loop quantum control, which may pave the way for advanced quantum technologies.
Abstract The exotic nature of quantum mechanics differentiates machine learning applications in the quantum realm from classical ones. Stream learning is a powerful approach that can be applied to extract knowledge continuously from quantum systems in a wide range of tasks. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning method that uses streaming data from a continuously measured qubit in the presence of detuning, dephasing, and relaxation. The model receives streaming quantum information for learning and decision-making, providing instant feedback on the quantum system. We also explore the agent’s adaptability to other quantum noise patterns through transfer learning. Our protocol offers insights into closed-loop quantum control, potentially advancing the development of quantum technologies.
Quantum computing and quantum machines continue to raise awareness once people realized that “Nature isn’t classical. If you want to make a simulation of nature, you’d better make it quantum mechanical.” ( Feynman, 1982 ). On the other hand, as the Internet brings big data, machine learning has become a logical step for researchers looking for tasks such as the patterns behind the data, or for companies seeking to maximize their data’s potential value. The combination of the quantum computing and machine learning (ML) fields has resulted in quantum machine learning (QML), one of today’s most active fields. This preview provides essential concepts in quantum computation, including the basic quantum physics and fundamentals of quantum computing. The next section examines quantum-enhanced ML models and algorithms. The current state of knowledge of applications is discussed in the following section and the preview concludes with open questions for future research on QML.
Quantum machine learning unites two of the most contentious subfields in science: quantum computing and classical machine learning. Quantum machine learning is the study of how to solve machine learning problems using insights from quantum mechanics. As more and more information accumulates, the capacity of existing computing machines to successfully train it onto a conventional computation model is stretched to its limits. Quantum computing could be helpful for continuous training with large datasets. When developing learning algorithms, quantum machine learning aims to do so much more quickly than traditional methods. Finding patterns in data and using those patterns to predict the future is at the heart of traditional machine learning. The data can be mined for insights like these. Quantum systems, on either extreme, generate unusual patterns those conventional systems cannot, implying that quantum computers might be able to outpace traditional CPUs in ML tasks. This chapter discusses the past research on quantum machine learning and an update on its current state.
Many challenges arising in Quantum Technology can be successfully addressed using a set of machine learning algorithms collectively known as reinforcement learning (RL), based on adaptive decision-making through interaction with the quantum device. After a concise and intuitive introduction to RL aimed at a broad physics readership, we discuss the key ideas and core concepts in reinforcement learning with a particular focus on quantum systems. We then survey recent progress in RL in all relevant areas. We discuss state preparation in few- and many-body quantum systems, the design and optimization of high-fidelity quantum gates, and the automated construction of quantum circuits, including applications to variational quantum eigensolvers and architecture search. We further highlight the interactive capabilities of RL agents, emphasizing recent progress in quantum feedback control and quantum error correction, and briefly discuss quantum reinforcement learning as well as applications to quantum metrology. The review concludes with a discussion of open challenges -- such as scalability, interpretability, and integration with experimental platforms -- and outlines promising directions for future research. Throughout, we highlight experimental implementations that exemplify the increasing role of reinforcement learning in shaping the development of quantum technologies.
The progress in machine learning during the last decade has had a considerable impact on many areas of science and technology, including quantum technology. This work explores the application of reinforcement learning (RL) methods to the quantum control problem of state transfer in a single qubit. The goal is to create an RL agent that learns an optimal policy and thus discovers optimal pulses to control the qubit. The most crucial step is to mathematically formulate the problem of interest as a Markov decision process (MDP). This enables the use of RL algorithms to solve the quantum control problem. Deep learning and the use of deep neural networks provide the freedom to employ continuous action and state spaces, offering the expressivity and generalization of the process. This flexibility helps to formulate the quantum state transfer problem as an MDP in several different ways. All the developed methodologies are applied to the fundamental problem of population inversion in a qubit. In most cases, the derived optimal pulses achieve fidelity equal to or higher than 0.9999, as required by quantum computing applications. The present methods can be easily extended to quantum systems with more energy levels and may be used for the efficient control of collections of qubits and to counteract the effect of noise, which are important topics for quantum sensing applications.
The emergence of quantum computing has unlocked fresh opportunities for the realms of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This section delves into the revolutionary uses of qubits, the basic building blocks of quantum computing, in conjunction with AI and ML. Leveraging the principles of superposition and entanglement, qubits offer unparalleled computational capabilities, poised to transform our approach to intricate problem-solving and data analysis. Presently, quantum machine learning (QML) methodologies exhibit potential across a wide array of fields, spanning from drug discovery and financial modeling to natural language processing. These applications have the potential to redefine the benchmarks of AI and ML performance. Furthermore, this chapter elucidates the fundamental principles of qubits and quantum computing, underscoring their ability to represent and process vast amounts of information simultaneously. It also elucidates how qubits have the potential to tackle problems that were previously deemed insurmountable by classical computers, encompassing optimization tasks, cryptographic puzzles, and data analysis. We delve into the role of qubits in bolstering the resilience and efficiency of AI systems, encompassing quantum neural networks, quantum reinforcement learning, and quantum-enhanced decision-making mechanisms. Last, we expound on specific applications in AI and ML, where qubits are on the brink of ushering in a new era of capabilities.