The quantum properties of quantum measurements are indispensable resources in quantum information processing and have drawn extensive research interest. The conventional approach to revealing quantum properties relies on the reconstruction of entire measurement operators by quantum detector tomography. However, many specific properties can be determined by a part of the matrix components of the measurement operators, which makes it possible to simplify the characterization process. We propose a general framework to directly obtain individual matrix elements of the measurement operators by sequentially measuring two noncompatible observables. This method allows us to circumvent the complete tomography of the quantum measurement and extract the required information. We experimentally implement this scheme to monitor the coherent evolution of a general quantum measurement by determining the off-diagonal matrix elements. The investigation of the measurement precision indicates the good feasibility of our protocol for arbitrary quantum measurements. Our results pave the way for revealing the quantum properties of quantum measurements by selectively determining the matrix components of the measurement operators.
The quantum properties of quantum measurements are indispensable resources in quantum information processing and have drawn extensive research interest. The conventional approach to revealing quantum properties relies on the reconstruction of entire measurement operators by quantum detector tomography. However, many specific properties can be determined by a part of the matrix components of the measurement operators, which makes it possible to simplify the characterization process. We propose a general framework to directly obtain individual matrix elements of the measurement operators by sequentially measuring two noncompatible observables. This method allows us to circumvent the complete tomography of the quantum measurement and extract the required information. We experimentally implement this scheme to monitor the coherent evolution of a general quantum measurement by determining the off-diagonal matrix elements. The investigation of the measurement precision indicates the good feasibility of our protocol for arbitrary quantum measurements. Our results pave the way for revealing the quantum properties of quantum measurements by selectively determining the matrix components of the measurement operators.
Generalized quantum measurements, described by positive operator-valued measures (POVMs), are essential for modeling realistic processes in open quantum systems. While quantum process tomography can fully characterize a POVM, it is resource-intensive and impractical when only specific POVM elements or matrix elements of a particular POVM element are of interest. Direct quantum measurement tomography offers a more efficient alternative but typically relies on weak interactions and complex structures of the system, environment, and probe as the dimension of the system increases, limiting its precision and scalability. Furthermore, characterizing a POVM element alone is insufficient to determine the underlying physical mechanism, as multiple Kraus operators can yield the same measurement statistics. In this work, we present a unified framework for the direct characterization of individual matrix elements of Kraus operators associated with specific POVM elements and arbitrary input states without requiring weak interaction, complex structures of the system-environment-probe or full process and state tomography. This framework naturally extends to projective measurements, enabling direct observable tomography, and to the characterization of unitary operations. Our method also captures modular and weak values of observables and Kraus operators, without invoking weak interaction approximations. We demonstrate potential implementations in optical systems, highlighting the experimental feasibility of our approach.
The dynamics of a quantum system are characterized by three components: quantum state, quantum process, and quantum measurement. The proper measurement of these components is a crucial issue in quantum information processing. Recently, direct measurement methods have been proposed and demonstrated wherein each complex matrix element of these three components is obtained separately, without the need for quantum tomography of the entire matrix. Since these direct measurement methods have been proposed independently, no theoretical framework has been presented to unify them despite the time symmetry of quantum dynamics. In this study, we propose a theoretical framework to systematically derive direct measurement methods for these three components. Following this framework and further utilizing the basis-shift unitary transformation, we have derived the most efficient direct measurement method using qubit probes. Additionally, we have experimentally demonstrated the feasibility of the direct measurement method of quantum states using optical pulse trains.
Abstract We present a tomographic protocol for the characterization of multiqubit quantum channels. We discuss a specific class of input states, for which the set of Pauli measurements at the output of the channel directly relates to its Pauli transfer matrix components. We compare our results to those of standard quantum process tomography, showing an exponential reduction in the number of different experimental configurations required by a single matrix element extraction, while keeping the same number of shots. This paves the way for more efficient experimental implementations, whenever a selective knowledge of the Pauli transfer matrix is needed. We provide several examples and simulations.
Sequential weak measurements allow for the direct extraction of individual density-matrix elements, rather than relying on global reconstruction of the entire density matrix, which opens a new avenue for the characterization of quantum systems. Nevertheless, extending the sequential scheme to multiqudit quantum systems is challenging due to the requirement of multiple coupling processes for each qudit and the lack of appropriate precision evaluation. To address these issues, we propose a resource-efficient scheme (RES) that directly characterizes the density matrix of general multiqudit systems while optimizing measurements and establishing a feasible estimation analysis. In the RES, an efficient observable of the quantum system is constructed such that a single meter state coupled to each qudit is sufficient to extract the corresponding density-matrix element. An appropriate model based on the statistical distribution of errors is utilized to evaluate the precision and feasibility of the scheme. We have experimentally applied the RES to the direct characterization of general single-photon qutrit states and two-photon entangled states. The results show that the RES outperforms sequential schemes in terms of efficiency and precision in both weak- and strong-coupling scenarios. This Letter sheds new light on the practical characterization of large-scale quantum systems and the investigation of their nonclassical properties.
A direct measurement protocol allows reconstructing specific elements of the density matrix of a quantum state without using quantum state tomography. However, the direct measurement protocols to date are primarily based on weak or strong measurements with an ancillary pointer, which interacts with the investigated system to extract information about the specified elements. Here, we present a direct measurement scheme based on phase-shifting operations which do not need ancillary pointers. In this method, estimates of at most six expectation values of projective observables suffice to determine any specific element of an unknown quantum density matrix. A concrete quantum circuit to implement this direct measurement protocol for multiqubit states is provided, which is composed of just single-qubit gates and two multiqubit controlled-phase gates. This scheme is also extended for the direct measurement of the density matrix of continuous-variable quantum states. Our method can be used in quantum information applications where only partial information about the quantum state needs to be extracted, for example, problems such as entanglement witnessing, fidelity estimation of quantum systems, and quantum coherence estimation.
Weak values, emerging from weak measurements in pre- and postselection, exhibit complex-valued properties, enabling the direct characterization of quantum systems. However, conventional weak values do not account for system evolution, restricting their capability to capture quantum dynamical information. To overcome this limitation, we introduce the process weak value (PWV), which incorporates quantum evolution between observables during pre- and postselection. By establishing a connection between PWVs and the matrix elements of unitary operators, we develop a theoretical framework for the direct characterization of quantum processes. Our experimental validation encompasses single-photon and two-photon unitary processes, as well as non-Hermitian parity-time symmetric quantum processes. Compared to standard quantum process tomography, our method reduces the required bases for state preparation and measurements while circumventing complex reconstruction algorithms, enhancing efficiency and scalability. Our PWV formalism opens avenues for broader foundational investigations of weak measurements and enables efficient applications in characterizing sophisticated quantum processes.