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arXiv:2110.09792 · Scientific Reports

Two-photon interferences of weak coherent lights

Heonoh Kim, Osung Kwon, Han Seb Moon

Published Oct 15, 2021• 18 citations
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Abstract

Multiphoton interference is an important phenomenon in modern quantum mechanics and experimental quantum optics, and it is fundamental for the development of quantum information science and technologies. Over the last three decades, several theoretical and experimental studies have been performed to understand the essential principles underlying such interference and to explore potential applications. Recently, the two-photon interference (TPI) of phase-randomized weak coherent states has played a key role in the realization of long-distance quantum communication based on the use of classical light sources. In this context, we investigated TPI experiments with weak coherent pulses at the single-photon level and quantitatively analyzed the results in terms of the single- and coincidence-counting rates and one- and two-photon interference-fringe shapes. We experimentally examined the Hong-Ou-Mandel-type TPI of phase-randomized weak coherent pulses to compare the TPI effect with that of correlated photons. Further experiments were also performed with two temporally- and spatially separated weak coherent pulses. Although the observed interference results, including the results of visibility and fringe shape, can be suitably explained by classical intensity correlation, the physics underlying the TPI effect needs to be interpreted as the interference between the two-photon states at the single-photon level within the utilized interferometer. The results of this study can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the TPI of coherent light at the single-photon level.

DOI
10.1038/s41598-021-99804-w

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Multiphoton interference is an important phenomenon in modern quantum mechanics and experimental quantum optics, and it is fundamental for the development of quantum information science and technologies. Over the last three decades, several theoretical and experimental studies have been performed to understand the essential principles underlying such interference and to explore potential applications. Recently, the two-photon interference (TPI) of phase-randomized weak coherent states has played a key role in the realization of long-distance quantum communication based on the use of classical light sources. In this context, we investigated TPI experiments with weak coherent pulses at the single-photon level and quantitatively analyzed the results in terms of the single- and coincidence-counting rates and one- and two-photon interference-fringe shapes. We experimentally examined the Hong-Ou-Mandel-type TPI of phase-randomized weak coherent pulses to compare the TPI effect with that of correlated photons. Further experiments were also performed with two temporally- and spatially separated weak coherent pulses. Although the observed interference results, including the results of visibility and fringe shape, can be suitably explained by classical intensity correlation, the physics underlying the TPI effect needs to be interpreted as the interference between the two-photon states at the single-photon level within the utilized interferometer. The results of this study can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the TPI of coherent light at the single-photon level.
Abstract Multiphoton interference is an important phenomenon in modern quantum mechanics and experimental quantum optics, and it is fundamental for the development of quantum information science and technologies. Over the last three decades, several theoretical and experimental studies have been performed to understand the essential principles underlying such interference and to explore potential applications. Recently, the two-photon interference (TPI) of phase-randomized weak coherent states has played a key role in the realization of long-distance quantum communication based on the use of classical light sources. In this context, we investigated TPI experiments with weak coherent pulses and quantitatively analyzed the results in terms of the single- and coincidence-counting rates and one- and two-photon interference-fringe shapes. We experimentally examined the Hong-Ou-Mandel-type TPI of phase-randomized weak coherent pulses to compare the TPI effect at the single-photon level with that of correlated photons. Further experiments were also performed with two temporally- and spatially separated weak coherent pulses. Although the observed interference results, including the results of visibility and fringe shape, can be suitably explained by classical intensity correlation, the physics underlying the TPI effect needs to be interpreted as the interference between the two-photon states at the single-photon level within the utilized interferometer. The results of this study can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the TPI of coherent light at the single-photon level.
The observation of the Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM)-type two-photon interference (TPI) has played an important role in the development of photonic quantum technologies. The time-resolved coincidence-detection technique has been effectively used to identify and characterize the TPI phenomena of long-coherence optical fields. Here, we report on the experimental demonstration of the TPI of two phase-randomized weak coherent pulses with time-resolved coincidence detection. The mutual coherence time between the two weak coherent lights is determined by applying a frequency noise to one of the two interfering lights. We analyze the HOM-type TPI fringe visibility according to the ratio of the coherence time to the pulse duration.
The distinguishing of the multiphoton quantum interference effect from the classical one forms one of the most important issues in modern quantum mechanics and experimental quantum optics. For a long time, the two-photon interference (TPI) of correlated photons has been recognized as a pure quantum effect that cannot be simulated with classical lights. In the meantime, experiments have been carried out to investigate the classical analogues of the TPI. In this study, we conduct TPI experiments with uncorrelated photons with different center frequencies from a luminescent light source, and we compare our results with the previous ones of correlated photons. The observed TPI fringe can be expressed in the form of three phase terms related to the individual single-photon and two-photon states, and the fringe pattern is strongly affected by the two single-photon-interference fringes and also by their visibilities. With the exception of essential differences such as valid and accidental coincidence events within a given resolving time and the two-photon spectral bandwidth, the interference phenomenon itself exhibits the same features for both correlated and uncorrelated photons in the single-photon counting regime.
Multiphoton interference effects can be measured with a single detector when two input photons are temporally well separated when compared with the dead time of the single-photon avalanche detector. Here we experimentally demonstrate that the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference effect can be observed with a single non-photon-number resolving detector via a time-delayed coincidence measurement of successive electrical signals from the detector. The two-photon interference experiment is performed by utilizing temporally well-separated pairwise weak coherent pulses, and the interference fringes are successfully measured with high visibility in the range of the limited upper bound for the weak coherent photon source.
Two-photon interference (TPI) is a fundamental phenomenon in quantum optics and plays a crucial role in optical quantum technologies. TPI is commonly considered as quantum interference with an upper bound of 100% for both the TPI and the beat visibility in contrast to its classical counterpart with a maximum visibility of 50%. However, this is not always the case. Here, we report a simultaneous observation of quantum and classical TPI of single photons with ultralong coherence time, which is five orders of magnitude longer than the photon correlation time. We observe a TPI visibility of 94.3% ± 0.2% well above the 50% classical limit indicating the quantum feature, and a beat visibility of 50% reflecting the classical feature. In addition an anti-bunching central dip due to single-photon anti-correlation, we also observe two bunching side peaks in cross correlation curves for indistinguishable photons. Using the general wave superposition theory and the quantum field approach, we derive the same cross correlation functions, which fully reproduce and explain the experiments. Our results reveal that the quantum and classical features of TPI result from the same interference, as the fourth-order temporal interference arises from the second-order temporal interference between two photons on the timescale of the photon coherence time.
Two-photon interference (TPI) underpins many photonic quantum technologies and is commonly regarded as a quantum effect requiring indistinguishable photons. Here, we demonstrate TPI between single photons with ultralong coherence time and an independent continuous-wave laser. The measurements reveal a sharp antibunching dip, governed by the single-photon correlation time, together with a broad Hong-Ou-Mandel dip whose half-width is set by the mutual coherence time of the two sources. We achieve a maximum TPI visibility of 72 ± 2 % , well above the 50 % classical limit, thereby confirming the quantum nature of TPI. At the same time, we observe a broad visibility background and a beat visibility below 50 % , signatures of classical interference. Both quantum and classical visibility features remain unchanged for frequency separations up to 10 4 times the linewidth of the single photons, showing no distinction between distinguishable and indistinguishable photons. By applying both general wave superposition theory and a quantum field approach, we derive the same cross-correlation functions that quantitatively reproduce the data. Our results show that quantum and classical features of TPI originate from the same underlying fourth-order interference process arising from second-order interference within the mutual coherence time. Photon indistinguishability is a sufficient condition for TPI to occur, but not a necessary one. This insight offers different perspectives for the development of quantum photonic technologies based on independent photons.