Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2109.05171

On the Intercept Probability and Secure Outage Analysis of Mixed ($α$-$κ$-$μ$)-shadowed and Málaga Turbulent Model

Noor Ahmad Sarker, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. Riazul Islam, Sheikh Habibul Islam, Milton Kumar Kundu, Imran Shafique Ansari, Kwak, K. -S.

Published Sep 11, 2021• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This work deals with the secrecy performance analysis of a dual-hop RF-FSO DF relaying network composed of a source, a relay, a destination, and an eavesdropper. We assume the eavesdropper is located close to the destination and overhears the relay's transmitted optical signal. The RF and FSO links undergo ($α$-$κ$-$μ$)-shadowed fading and unified Málaga turbulence with pointing error. The secrecy performance of the mixed system is studied by deriving closed-form analytical expressions of secure outage probability (SOP), strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), and intercept probability (IP). Besides, we also derive the asymptotic SOP, SPSC, and IP upon utilizing the unfolding of Meijer's G function where the electrical SNR of the FSO link tends to infinity. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to corroborate the analytical expressions. Our results illustrate that fading, shadowing, detection techniques (i.e., heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD)), atmospheric turbulence, and pointing error significantly affect the secrecy performance. In addition, better performance is obtained exploiting the HD technique at the destination relative to IM/DD technique.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2109.05171

Related papers

On the Intercept Probability and Secure Outage Analysis of Mixed ( α – κ – μ )-Shadowed and Málaga Turbulent Models

Noor Ahmad Sarker, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. Riazul Islam +4 more

This work deals with the secrecy performance analysis of a dual-hop RF-FSO DF relaying network composed of a source, a relay, a destination, and an eavesdropper. We assume the eavesdropper is located close to the destination and overhears the relay’s transmitted optical signal. The RF and FSO links undergo (α-κ-μ)-shadowed fading and unified Málaga turbulence with pointing error. The secrecy performance of the mixed system is studied by deriving closed-form analytical expressions of secure outage probability (SOP), strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), and intercept probability (IP). Besides, we also derive the asymptotic SOP, SPSC, and IP upon utilizing the unfolding of Meijer’s G function where the electrical SNR of the FSO link tends to infinity. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to corroborate the analytical expressions. Our results illustrate that fading, shadowing, detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD)), atmospheric turbulence, and pointing error significantly affect the secrecy performance. In addition, better performance is obtained exploiting the HD technique at the destination relative to IM/DD technique.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2021•18 citations

Impact of Correlation and Pointing Error on Secure Outage Performance Over Arbitrary Correlated Nakagami-$m$ and $\mathcal {M}$-Turbulent Fading Mixed RF-FSO Channel

Sheikh Habibul Islam, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. Riazul Islam +4 more

In Radio Frequency (RF)-Free Space Optical (FSO) mixed links, secrecy capacity (SC) can be improved by exploiting spatial diversity (i.e., antenna diversity) in the RF path. In addition to atmospheric turbulence and point error of the FSO link, antenna correlation in the RF link can significantly deteriorate the secrecy performance. In this paper, a secrecy rate of wiretap channels with a single source, relay, destination, and eavesdropper is analyzed under practical environments with the aforementioned impairments. The RF hop (source-to-relay) and the FSO hop (relay-to-destination) are modeled utilizing arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m and Málaga (M) distributions, respectively. The correlated signal branches of the RF hop are combined at the relay exploiting equal gain combining reception technique. We assume that the eavesdropper is capable of wiretapping via RF and FSO links separately. We derive novel closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) considering heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) techniques in order to examine the impact of atmospheric scintillation, pointing error, fading, and correlation on the system's secrecy performance. It is shown that the HD technique exhibits a better performance than an IM/DD technique. In addition, similar to the pointing error and turbulent fading, the correlation imposes a detrimental impact on SC. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are provided for validation of the derived expressions.

IEEE photonics journal•Feb 18, 2021•31 citations

Secrecy Performance Analysis of Mixed Hyper-Gamma and Gamma-Gamma Cooperative Relaying System

Noor Ahmad Sarker, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. Riazul Islam +6 more

In this paper, we investigate a secure dual-hop radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) mixed variable gain relaying framework in the presence of a single eavesdropper. The RF and FSO links are modeled with hyper Gamma (HG) and Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ) fading channels, respectively. We assume that the eavesdropper utilizes another HG fading channel to wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link. Our key concern is to defend this information against passive eavesdropping. We carry out the secrecy measurements by deriving closed-form mathematical expressions of average secrecy capacity (ASC), secure outage probability (SOP), and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), all in terms of Meijer's G function. Capitalizing on the derived expressions, we analyze the impacts of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors on the secrecy capacity and outage performance of the proposed scenario. For gaining more insights, we also analyze the asymptotic outage behaviour for high signal-to-noise ratio. Two detection techniques i.e. heterodyne (HD) and the intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) are taken into consideration and our results demonstrate that HD technique notably outperforms the IM/DD scheme. The supremacy and novelty of the model is demonstrated via utilizing generic properties of the HG fading channel. Finally, we provide a justification of the derived expressions via Monte-Carlo simulations.

IEEE Access•Jan 1, 2020•28 citations

Effects of Eavesdropper on the Performance of Mixed η-μ and DGG Cooperative Relaying System

Noor Ahmad Sarker, A. S. M. Badrudduza, Milton Kumar Kundu +1 more

Free-space optical (FSO) channel offers line-of-sight wireless communication with high data rates and high secrecy utilizing unlicensed optical spectrum and also paves the way to the solution of the last-mile access problem. Since atmospheric turbulence is a hindrance to an enhanced secrecy performance, the mixed radio frequency (RF)-FSO system is gaining enormous research interest in recent days. But conventional FSO models except for the double generalized Gamma (DGG) model can not demonstrate secrecy performance for all ranges of turbulence severity. This reason has led us to propose a dual-hop eta-mu and unified DGG mixed RF-FSO network while considering eavesdropping at both RF and FSO hops. The security of these proposed scenarios is investigated in terms of two metrics, i.e., strictly positive secrecy capacity and secure outage probability. Exploiting these expressions, we further investigate how the secrecy performance is affected by various system parameters, i.e., fading, turbulence, and pointing errors. A demonstration is made between heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) techniques while exhibiting superior secrecy performance for HD technique over IM/DD technique. Finally, all analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.

arXiv:2106.06951•Jun 13, 2021•4 citations

On Secrecy Performance of Mixed α-η-μ and Malaga RF-FSO Variable Gain Relaying Channel

Nandita Swanan Mandira, Milton Kumar Kundu, Sheikh Habibul Islam +2 more

With the completion of standardization of fifth-generation (5G) networks, the researchers have begun visioning sixth-generation (6G) networks that are predicted to be human-centric. Hence, similar to 5G networks, besides high data rate, providing secrecy and privacy will be the center of attention by the wireless research community. To support the visions beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G, in this paper we propose a secure radio frequency (RF)-free-space optical (FSO) mixed framework under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper at the RF hop. We assume the RF links undergo alpha-eta-mu fading whereas the FSO link exhibits a unified Malaga turbulence model with pointing error. The secrecy performance is evaluated by deducing expressions for three secrecy metrics i.e. average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability, and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity in terms of univariate and bivariate Meijer's G and Fox's H functions. We further capitalize on these expressions to demonstrate the impacts of fading, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors and show a comparison between two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD)) that clearly reveals better secrecy can be achieved with HD technique relative to the IM/DD method. The inclusion of generalized fading models at the RF and FSO hops offers unification of several classical scenarios as special cases thereby exhibiting a more generic nature relative to the existing literature. Finally, all the analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.

arXiv:2105.12265•May 26, 2021•3 citations

On secrecy performance of mixed α − η − μ and Málaga RF-FSO variable gain relaying channel

Nandita Swanan Mandira, Milton Kumar Kundu, Sheikh Habibul Islam +2 more

Abstract With the completion of the standardization of fifth-generation (5G) networks, the researchers have begun visioning sixth-generation (6G) networks that are predicted to be human-centric. Hence, similar to 5G networks, besides high data rates, providing secrecy and privacy will be the center of attention by the wireless research community. To support the visions beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G, in this paper we propose a secure radio frequency (RF)-free space optical (FSO) mixed framework under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper at the RF hop. We assume the RF links undergo α − η − µ fading whereas the FSO link exhibits a unified Málaga turbulence model with pointing error. The secrecy performance is evaluated by deducing expressions for three secrecy metrics i.e. average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability, and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity in terms of univariate and bivariate Meijer’s G and Fox’s H functions. We further capitalize on these expressions to demonstrate the impacts of fading, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors and show a comparison between two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD)) that N. S. Mandira et al. clearly reveals better secrecy can be achieved with HD technique relative to the IM/DD method. The inclusion of generalized fading models at the RF and FSO hops offers the unification of several classical scenarios as special cases thereby exhibiting a more generic nature relative to the existing literature. Finally , all the analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.

Optical and Quantum Electronics•May 23, 2023•6 citations
On the Intercept Probability and Secure Outage Analysis of Mixed (ααα-κκκ-μμμ)-shadowed and Málaga Turbulent Model
This work deals with the secrecy performance analysis of a dual-hop RF-FSO DF relaying network composed of a source, a relay, a destination, and an eavesdropper. We assume the eavesdropper is located close to the destination and overhears the relay's transmitted optical signal. The RF and FSO links undergo (ααα-κκκ-μμμ)-shadowed fading and unified Málaga turbulence with pointing error. The secrecy performance of the mixed system is studied by deriving closed-form analytical expressions of secure outage probability (SOP), strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), and intercept probability (IP). Besides, we also derive the asymptotic SOP, SPSC, and IP upon utilizing the unfolding of Meijer's G function where the electrical SNR of the FSO link tends to infinity. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to corroborate the analytical expressions. Our results illustrate that fading, shadowing, detection techniques (i.e., heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD)), atmospheric turbulence, and pointing error significantly affect the secrecy performance. In addition, better performance is obtained exploiting the HD technique at the destination relative to IM/DD technique.
This work deals with the secrecy performance analysis of a dual-hop RF-FSO DF relaying network composed of a source, a relay, a destination, and an eavesdropper. We assume the eavesdropper is located close to the destination and overhears the relay’s transmitted optical signal. The RF and FSO links undergo (α-κ-μ)-shadowed fading and unified Málaga turbulence with pointing error. The secrecy performance of the mixed system is studied by deriving closed-form analytical expressions of secure outage probability (SOP), strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), and intercept probability (IP). Besides, we also derive the asymptotic SOP, SPSC, and IP upon utilizing the unfolding of Meijer’s G function where the electrical SNR of the FSO link tends to infinity. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to corroborate the analytical expressions. Our results illustrate that fading, shadowing, detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD)), atmospheric turbulence, and pointing error significantly affect the secrecy performance. In addition, better performance is obtained exploiting the HD technique at the destination relative to IM/DD technique.
Impact of Correlation and Pointing Error on Secure Outage Performance Over Arbitrary Correlated Nakagami-mmm and M\mathcal {M}M-Turbulent Fading Mixed RF-FSO Channel
In Radio Frequency (RF)-Free Space Optical (FSO) mixed links, secrecy capacity (SC) can be improved by exploiting spatial diversity (i.e., antenna diversity) in the RF path. In addition to atmospheric turbulence and point error of the FSO link, antenna correlation in the RF link can significantly deteriorate the secrecy performance. In this paper, a secrecy rate of wiretap channels with a single source, relay, destination, and eavesdropper is analyzed under practical environments with the aforementioned impairments. The RF hop (source-to-relay) and the FSO hop (relay-to-destination) are modeled utilizing arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m and Málaga (M) distributions, respectively. The correlated signal branches of the RF hop are combined at the relay exploiting equal gain combining reception technique. We assume that the eavesdropper is capable of wiretapping via RF and FSO links separately. We derive novel closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) considering heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) techniques in order to examine the impact of atmospheric scintillation, pointing error, fading, and correlation on the system's secrecy performance. It is shown that the HD technique exhibits a better performance than an IM/DD technique. In addition, similar to the pointing error and turbulent fading, the correlation imposes a detrimental impact on SC. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are provided for validation of the derived expressions.
In this paper, we investigate a secure dual-hop radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) mixed variable gain relaying framework in the presence of a single eavesdropper. The RF and FSO links are modeled with hyper Gamma (HG) and Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ) fading channels, respectively. We assume that the eavesdropper utilizes another HG fading channel to wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link. Our key concern is to defend this information against passive eavesdropping. We carry out the secrecy measurements by deriving closed-form mathematical expressions of average secrecy capacity (ASC), secure outage probability (SOP), and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), all in terms of Meijer's G function. Capitalizing on the derived expressions, we analyze the impacts of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors on the secrecy capacity and outage performance of the proposed scenario. For gaining more insights, we also analyze the asymptotic outage behaviour for high signal-to-noise ratio. Two detection techniques i.e. heterodyne (HD) and the intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) are taken into consideration and our results demonstrate that HD technique notably outperforms the IM/DD scheme. The supremacy and novelty of the model is demonstrated via utilizing generic properties of the HG fading channel. Finally, we provide a justification of the derived expressions via Monte-Carlo simulations.
Free-space optical (FSO) channel offers line-of-sight wireless communication with high data rates and high secrecy utilizing unlicensed optical spectrum and also paves the way to the solution of the last-mile access problem. Since atmospheric turbulence is a hindrance to an enhanced secrecy performance, the mixed radio frequency (RF)-FSO system is gaining enormous research interest in recent days. But conventional FSO models except for the double generalized Gamma (DGG) model can not demonstrate secrecy performance for all ranges of turbulence severity. This reason has led us to propose a dual-hop eta-mu and unified DGG mixed RF-FSO network while considering eavesdropping at both RF and FSO hops. The security of these proposed scenarios is investigated in terms of two metrics, i.e., strictly positive secrecy capacity and secure outage probability. Exploiting these expressions, we further investigate how the secrecy performance is affected by various system parameters, i.e., fading, turbulence, and pointing errors. A demonstration is made between heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) techniques while exhibiting superior secrecy performance for HD technique over IM/DD technique. Finally, all analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.
With the completion of standardization of fifth-generation (5G) networks, the researchers have begun visioning sixth-generation (6G) networks that are predicted to be human-centric. Hence, similar to 5G networks, besides high data rate, providing secrecy and privacy will be the center of attention by the wireless research community. To support the visions beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G, in this paper we propose a secure radio frequency (RF)-free-space optical (FSO) mixed framework under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper at the RF hop. We assume the RF links undergo alpha-eta-mu fading whereas the FSO link exhibits a unified Malaga turbulence model with pointing error. The secrecy performance is evaluated by deducing expressions for three secrecy metrics i.e. average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability, and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity in terms of univariate and bivariate Meijer's G and Fox's H functions. We further capitalize on these expressions to demonstrate the impacts of fading, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors and show a comparison between two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD)) that clearly reveals better secrecy can be achieved with HD technique relative to the IM/DD method. The inclusion of generalized fading models at the RF and FSO hops offers unification of several classical scenarios as special cases thereby exhibiting a more generic nature relative to the existing literature. Finally, all the analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.
Abstract With the completion of the standardization of fifth-generation (5G) networks, the researchers have begun visioning sixth-generation (6G) networks that are predicted to be human-centric. Hence, similar to 5G networks, besides high data rates, providing secrecy and privacy will be the center of attention by the wireless research community. To support the visions beyond 5G (B5G) and 6G, in this paper we propose a secure radio frequency (RF)-free space optical (FSO) mixed framework under the attempt of wiretapping by an eavesdropper at the RF hop. We assume the RF links undergo α − η − µ fading whereas the FSO link exhibits a unified Málaga turbulence model with pointing error. The secrecy performance is evaluated by deducing expressions for three secrecy metrics i.e. average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability, and probability of non-zero secrecy capacity in terms of univariate and bivariate Meijer’s G and Fox’s H functions. We further capitalize on these expressions to demonstrate the impacts of fading, atmospheric turbulence, and pointing errors and show a comparison between two detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD)) that N. S. Mandira et al. clearly reveals better secrecy can be achieved with HD technique relative to the IM/DD method. The inclusion of generalized fading models at the RF and FSO hops offers the unification of several classical scenarios as special cases thereby exhibiting a more generic nature relative to the existing literature. Finally , all the analytical results are corroborated via Monte-Carlo simulations.