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arXiv:2109.00964 · Physical Review Letters

Synthesizing Five-Body Interaction in a Superconducting Quantum Circuit

Ke Zhang, Hekang Li, Pengfei Zhang, Jiale Yuan, Jinyan Chen, Wenhui Ren, Zhen Wang, Chao Song, Da‐Wei Wang, H. Wang, Shi-Yao Zhu, G. S. Agarwal, Marlan O. Scully

Published May 13, 2022• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Synthesizing many-body interaction Hamiltonians is a central task in quantum simulation. However, it is challenging to synthesize Hamiltonians that have more than two spins in a single term. Here we synthesize m-body spin-exchange Hamiltonians with m up to 5 in a superconducting quantum circuit by simultaneously exciting multiple independent qubits with time-energy correlated photons generated from a qudit. The dynamic evolution of the m-body interaction is governed by the Rabi oscillation between two m-spin states, in which the states of each spin are different. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach by comparing the influence of noises on the three-, four- and five-body interaction and building a many-body Mach-Zehnder interferometer which potentially has a Heisenberg-limit sensitivity. This study paves a way for quantum simulation involving many-body interaction Hamiltonians such as lattice gauge theories in quantum circuits.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.128.190502

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Synthesizing many-body interaction Hamiltonians is a central task in quantum simulation. However, it is challenging to synthesize Hamiltonians that have more than two spins in a single term. Here we synthesize m-body spin-exchange Hamiltonians with m up to 5 in a superconducting quantum circuit by simultaneously exciting multiple independent qubits with time-energy correlated photons generated from a qudit. The dynamic evolution of the m-body interaction is governed by the Rabi oscillation between two m-spin states, in which the states of each spin are different. We demonstrate the scalability of our approach by comparing the influence of noises on the three-, four- and five-body interaction and building a many-body Mach-Zehnder interferometer which potentially has a Heisenberg-limit sensitivity. This study paves a way for quantum simulation involving many-body interaction Hamiltonians such as lattice gauge theories in quantum circuits.
Superconducting qubits provide a competitive platform for quantum simulation of complex dynamics that lies at the heart of quantum many-body systems, because of the flexibility and scalability afforded by the nature of microfabrication. However, in a multiqubit device, the physical form of couplings between qubits is either an electric (capacitor) or magnetic field (inductor), and the associated quadratic field energy determines that only two-body interaction in the Hamiltonian can be directly realized. Here, we propose and experimentally synthesize a three-body spin-chirality interaction in a superconducting circuit based on Floquet engineering. By periodically modulating the resonant frequencies of the qubits connected with each other via capacitors, we can dynamically turn on and off qubit–qubit couplings and further create chiral flows of the excitations in the three-qubit circular loop. Our result is a step toward engineering dynamical and many-body interactions in multiqubit superconducting devices, which potentially expands the degree of freedom in quantum simulation tasks.
Vacuum Rabi oscillations between a single photon and a single spin demonstrate the capability of harnessing light-matter interaction at the level of a single quantum of energy. Since the observation of strong spin-photon coupling in gate-defined quantum dots, probing this interaction in the time-domain has been a major objective. Here, we carefully engineer a device composed of two spatially separated double quantum dots hosting single electron spin qubits and a superconducting cavity to accommodate microwave photons. We observe multiple vacuum Rabi oscillations between each spin qubit and the cavity. By concatenating vacuum Rabi oscillations involving the two spins, an energy excitation in one qubit can be emitted as a photon and then transferred to the other qubit. When a single photon is emitted, the cavity is prepared in a Fock state, leading to an accelerated vacuum Rabi frequency. These results serve as building blocks not only in exploring light-matter interactions, but also in interfacing semiconductor spin qubits to photonic links.
Quantum simulation has emerged as a powerful framework for investigating complex many-body phenomena. A key requirement for emulating these dynamics is the realization of fully controllable quantum systems enabling various spin interactions. Yet, quantum simulators remain constrained in the types of attainable interactions. Here we demonstrate experimental realization of multiple microwave-engineered spin interactions in superconducting quantum circuits. By precisely controlling the native XY interaction and microwave drives, we achieve tunable spin Hamiltonians, including (i) XYZ spin models with continuously adjustable parameters, (ii) transverse-field Ising models, and (iii) Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interacting systems. Our work expands the toolbox for analog-digital quantum simulation, paving the way for exploring a wide range of exotic quantum spin models.
Quantum processors based on superconducting circuitry have reached the scale of hundreds of qubits and demonstrated computational capabilities that challenge state-of-the-art classical methods for carefully designed problems. Despite these advances, fundamental questions persist over how to best improve and scale the computational power of this emerging technology. Most transmon-based quantum processors encode information in two-level systems, or qubits, leaving the rich multilevel structure of the transmon largely unexploited. In this thesis, we demonstrate how the capabilities of these devices can be meaningfully extended by harnessing this intrinsic multilevel structure to encode qudits — d-level quantum systems that access a larger and more connected Hilbert space than their qubit counterparts. We begin by demonstrating universal single-qudit operation before turning to microwave-activated entanglement to realize scalable two-qudit gates. We present a high-fidelity, fully entangling two-qutrit CZ gate based on a novel tunable cross-Kerr mechanism. We further explore two-qudit gates that selectively entangle subspaces of the full Hilbert space via two-photon multipartite Raman transitions, employing these operations to generate large entangled states across a transmon array. To address the noisy nature of near-term qudit computation, we introduce and characterize error suppression techniques for qudit circuits, including dynamical decoupling and quantum error mitigation. We then synthesize these directions by exploring simulations of quantum systems that have innate multilevel interactions and are therefore well tailored to qudit operation. First we investigate digital quantum simulations of collective neutrino oscillations and the spin-1 truncated Abelian Higgs model, finding error mitigation methods critical for improving circuit performance. Finally, out of equilibrium --- or Floquet --- spin-1 systems are realized using an array of 15 superconducting qutrits to probe a novel Z3 discrete time crystalline (DTC) phase of matter with intrinsically chiral interactions. This DTC result demonstrates that native qudit hardware provides powerful access to non-equilibrium phases rooted in higher discrete symmetries, opening a route to a broader landscape of dynamical orders beyond the Z2 Ising paradigm.
Programmable arrays of neutral Rydberg atoms are one of the leading platforms today for scalable quantum simulation and computation. In these systems, the dipole-dipole interactions between the individual atoms, or qubits, typically result in binary -- i.e., two-body -- couplings. In this work, we develop an experimentally accessible scheme for engineering three-body interactions in Rydberg lattices. Such strong three-body couplings can fundamentally modify the underlying physics compared to systems with only two-body interactions: we demonstrate this, in particular, by systematically investigating the effective many-body Hamiltonian and its emergent quantum phases. This capability paves the way for the quantum simulation of a broader class of correlated models of condensed matter and high-energy physics.
We report the first observation of simultaneous excitation of two noninteracting atoms by a pair of time-frequency correlated photons in a superconducting circuit. The strong coupling regime of this process enables the synthesis of a three-body interaction Hamiltonian, which allows the generation of the tripartite Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state in a single step with a fidelity as high as 0.95. We further demonstrate the inhibition of the simultaneous two-atom excitation by continuously measuring whether the first photon is emitted. This work provides a new route in synthesizing many-body interaction Hamiltonian and coherent control of entanglement.