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arXiv:2108.11827 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

Remote Phase Sensing by Coherent Single Photon Addition

Nicola Biagi, Saverio Francesconi, Manuel Gessner, Marco Bellini, Alessandro Zavatta

Published Oct 11, 2022• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract A remote phase sensing scheme is proposed, inspired by the high sensitivity of the entanglement produced by coherent multimode photon addition on the phase set in the remote heralding apparatus. By exploring the case of delocalized photon addition over two modes containing identical coherent states, the optimal observable to perform remote phase estimation from heralded quadrature measurements is derived. The technique is experimentally tested with calibration measurements and then used for estimating a remote phase with a sensitivity that is found to scale with the intensity of the local coherent states, which never interacted with the sample.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202200039

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Abstract A remote phase sensing scheme is proposed, inspired by the high sensitivity of the entanglement produced by coherent multimode photon addition on the phase set in the remote heralding apparatus. By exploring the case of delocalized photon addition over two modes containing identical coherent states, the optimal observable to perform remote phase estimation from heralded quadrature measurements is derived. The technique is experimentally tested with calibration measurements and then used for estimating a remote phase with a sensitivity that is found to scale with the intensity of the local coherent states, which never interacted with the sample.
Quantum sensing promises to revolutionize sensing applications by employing quantum states of light or matter as sensing probes. Photons are the clear choice as quantum probes for remote sensing because they can travel to and interact with a distant target. Existing schemes are mainly based on the quantum illumination framework, which requires quantum memory to store a single photon of an initially entangled pair until its twin reflects off a target and returns for final correlation measurements. Existing demonstrations are limited to tabletop experiments, and expanding the sensing range faces various roadblocks, including long-time quantum storage and photon loss and noise when transmitting quantum signals over long distances. We propose a novel quantum sensing framework that addresses these challenges using quantum frequency combs with path identity for remote sensing of signatures (“qCOMBPASS”). The combination of one key quantum phenomenon and two quantum resources—namely, quantum-induced coherence by path identity, quantum frequency combs, and two-mode squeezed light—allows for quantum remote sensing without requiring quantum memory. The proposed scheme is akin to a quantum radar based on entangled frequency-comb pairs that uses path identity to detect, range, or sense a remote target of interest by measuring pulses of one comb in the pair that never traveled to the target but that contains target information “teleported” by quantum-induced coherence by path identity from the other comb in the pair that traveled to the target but is not detected. We develop the basic qCOMBPASS theory, analyze the properties of the qCOMBPASS transceiver, and introduce the qCOMBPASS equation—a quantum analog of the well-known LIDAR equation in classical remote sensing. We also describe an experimental scheme to demonstrate the concept using two-mode squeezed quantum combs. qCOMBPASS can strongly impact various applications in remote quantum sensing, imaging, metrology, and communications. These applications include detection and ranging of low-reflectivity objects, measurement of small displacements of a remote target with precision beyond the standard quantum limit (SQL), standoff hyperspectral quantum imaging, discreet surveillance from space with low detection probability (detect without being detected), very-long-baseline interferometry, quantum Doppler sensing, quantum clock synchronization, and networks of distributed quantum sensors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Distributed quantum sensing leverages quantum correlations among multiple sensors to enhance the precision of parameter estimation beyond classical limits. Most existing approaches target phase estimation and rely on a shared phase reference between the signal and the probe, yet many relevant scenarios deal with regimes where such a reference is absent, making the estimation of force or field amplitudes the main task. We study this phase-insensitive regime for bosonic sensors that undergo identical displacements with common phases randomly varying between experimental runs. We derive analytical bounds on the achievable precision and show that it is determined by first-order normal correlations between modes in the probe state, constrained by their average excitations. These correlations yield a collective sensitivity enhancement over the standard quantum limit, with a gain that grows linearly in the total excitation number, revealing a distributed quantum advantage even without a global phase reference. We identify families of multimode states with definite joint parity that saturate this limit and can be probed efficiently via local parity measurements already demonstrated or emerging in several quantum platforms. We further demonstrate that experimentally relevant decoherence channels favor two distinct sensing strategies: splitting of a single-mode nonclassical state among the modes, which is robust to loss and heating, and separable probes, which are instead resilient to dephasing and phase jitter. Our results are relevant to multimode continuous platforms, including trapped-ion, solid-state mechanical, optomechanical, superconducting, and photonic systems.
We study quantum phase sensing with asymmetric two-mode entangled coherent states (ECSs) in which the two local amplitudes take different values. We find the asymmetry-enhanced phase-sensing phenomenon in which the phase-sensing sensitivity is enhanced with increasing the asymmetry in the ECSs. We indicate that the phase-sensing sensitivity can attain and even surpass the Heisenberg limit in certain regimes of parameters. We further study the effect of decoherence induced by photon loss on the phase-sensing sensitivity. It is shown that the asymmetric ECSs have greater capability against decoherence compared with the symmetric ECSs. It is indicated that the asymmetric ECSs have significant advantages over the symmetric ECSs in quantum phase sensing. We also study the practical phase-sensing scheme with the intensity-difference measurement and show that the asymmetry in the asymmetric ECSs can enhance the phase sensitivity in the practical phase-measurement scheme. Our work reveals the asymmetry in the asymmetric ECSs is a resource for quantum-enhanced sensing and may be applied to ultrasensitive quantum phase sensing in the presence of photon loss.
Entanglement is beneficial to enhancing a phase sensitivity beyond the classical limit that is given by a coherent state. The best performance is achieved with symmetric entangled states, which is enhanced further by sending more photons to the signal mode. We delve into which entanglement structure is valuable for quantum target sensing, such as a reflectivity parameter. We show that an asymmetric entangled state can approach the local joint measurement bound of a two-mode squeezed vacuum state which is a nearly optimal input state for quantum target sensing, whereas it cannot beat the performance of the coherent state for quantum phase sensing. The result is demonstrated with an asymmetric entangled coherent state whose performance is evaluated with quantum Fisher information and confirmed by the signal-to-noise ratio with an optimal observable. The best quantum advantage is achieved in the case of sending fewer photons to the signal mode and many more photons to the idler mode.