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arXiv:2108.02258 · Physical Review Applied

Processing Entangled Photons in High Dimensions with a Programmable Light Converter

Ohad Lib, Kfir Sulimany, Yaron Bromberg

Published Jul 26, 2022• 30 citations
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Abstract

High-dimensional entanglement offers a variety of advantages for both fundamental and applied applications in quantum information science. A central building block for such applications is a programmable processor of entangled states, which is crucial for the certification, manipulation, and distribution of high-dimensional entanglement. The leading technology for processing photons is integrated multiport interferometers. However, such devices are incompatible with structured light and their scaling is challenging. Here, we unlock these limitations by demonstrating a reconfigurable processor of entangled photons in high dimensions that is based on multiplane light conversion (MPLC), a technology that has recently been developed for multiplexing hundreds of spatial modes for classical communication. We use our programmable MPLC platform to certify three-dimensional entanglement in two mutually unbiased bases, perform 400 arbitrary random transformations on entangled photons, and convert the mode basis of entangled photons for entanglement distribution.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014063

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High-dimensional entanglement offers a variety of advantages for both fundamental and applied applications in quantum information science. A central building block for such applications is a programmable processor of entangled states, which is crucial for the certification, manipulation, and distribution of high-dimensional entanglement. The leading technology for processing photons is integrated multiport interferometers. However, such devices are incompatible with structured light and their scaling is challenging. Here, we unlock these limitations by demonstrating a reconfigurable processor of entangled photons in high dimensions that is based on multiplane light conversion (MPLC), a technology that has recently been developed for multiplexing hundreds of spatial modes for classical communication. We use our programmable MPLC platform to certify three-dimensional entanglement in two mutually unbiased bases, perform 400 arbitrary random transformations on entangled photons, and convert the mode basis of entangled photons for entanglement distribution.
High-dimensional entangled photons are a key resource for advanced quantum information processing. Efficient processing of high-dimensional entangled photons requires the ability to synthesize their state using general unitary transformations. The leading technology for processing photons in high-dimensions is integrated multiport interferometers. However, such devices are incompatible with free-space and fiber-based systems, and their architecture poses significant scaling challenges. Here we unlock these limitations by demonstrating a reconfigurable processor of entangled photons that is based on multi-plane light conversion (MPLC), a technology that was recently developed for multiplexing hundreds of spatial modes for classical free-space and fiber communication. To demonstrate the flexibility of MPLC, we perform four key tasks of quantum information processing using the same MPLC hardware: entanglement certification, tailored two-photon interference, arbitrary state transformations, and mode conversion. Based on the high degree of control we obtain, we expect MPLC will become a leading platform for future quantum technologies.
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) offers higher information capacity and stronger resilience to noise compared with its binary counterpart. However, these advantages are often hindered by the difficulty of realizing the required high-dimensional measurements and transformations. Here, we implement a large-scale multi-plane light converter (MPLC) and program it as a high-dimensional mode sorter of spatial modes for QKD. Using the MPLC, we demonstrate five-dimensional QKD with six mutually unbiased bases and 25-dimensional QKD with two mutually unbiased bases in the same experimental setup. Furthermore, we propose a construction of pairs of mutually unbiased bases that are robust to experimental errors, with measurement complexity scaling only with the square root of the encoded dimension. This approach paves the way for QKD implementations in higher dimensions.
Spatial modes of photons offer a rich encoding resource for high-dimensional quantum information processing. Multiplane light conversion (MPLC) enables spatial mode transformation and is applicable in both classical and quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate a polymer-based MPLC device, fabricated via femtosecond laser three-dimensional printing, that realizes high-dimensional quantum logic gates in an ultracompact format. Specifically, we design a three-dimensional Hadamard gate by training a diffractive neural network to generate the required phase distribution. The device is evaluated through quantum process tomography at the single-photon level within spatial modes, achieving a fidelity of 90%. Compared to traditional spatial light modulator-based implementations, our approach integrates spatial mode manipulation into a miniaturized photonic platform. These results highlight the feasibility of polymer-based MPLC for compact quantum logic and open possibilities for scalable, high-dimensional quantum information processing on integrated photonic chips.