Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2107.14083 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Higher-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation and auxiliary Majorana fermions

Kangle Li, Hoi Chun Po

Published Sep 8, 2022• 20 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We discuss a scheme for performing Jordan-Wigner transformation for various lattice fermion systems in two and three dimensions which keeps internal and spatial symmetries manifest. The correspondence between fermionic and bosonic operators is established with the help of auxiliary Majorana fermions. The current construction is applicable to general lattices with even coordination numbers and an arbitrary number of fermion flavors. The approach is demonstrated on the single-orbital square, triangular, and cubic lattices for spin-$1/2$ fermions. We also discuss the relation to some quantum spin liquid models.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.106.115109

Related papers

Symmetric Jordan-Wigner transformation in higher dimensions

Hoi Chun Po

The Jordan-Wigner transformation is traditionally applied to one dimensional systems, but recent works have generalized the transformation to fermionic lattice systems in higher dimensions while keeping locality manifest. These developments could aid the theoretical or even experimental studies of strongly correlated electronic problems through their bosonic counterparts. In this work, we develop a scheme for higher-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation which keeps all relevant symmetries manifest on the bosonic side. Our approach connects the discussion of exact lattice bosonization to the familiar notions of fractionalized partons like spinons and chargeons, and works for spin-$1/2$ fermions -- like the physical electrons -- on four-coordinated lattices. The construction is applied to fermions defined on the square, kagome and diamond lattices, and we provide explicit expressions for the bosonized versions of well-known models of strongly correlated electrons, like the Hubbard and $t$-$J$ models.

arXiv:2107.10842•Jul 22, 2021•8 citations

Fermionization transform for certain higher-dimensional quantum spin models

Victor M. Galitski

Proposed is a generalization of Jordan-Wigner transform that allows to exactly fermionize a large family of quantum spin Hamiltonians in dimensions higher than one. The key steps are to enlarge the Hilbert space of the original model by adding to it a collection of stand-alone free spins and to use a combination of these auxiliary operators and the lattice spins to construct a proper fermion representation of the physical Hamiltonian. The transform is especially useful for lattice spin Hamiltonians, where two-spin interactions of $XY$ type are either absent or exist only within one-dimensional chains and where the chains are coupled via two-spin interactions of Ising type, ring-exchange terms, or more general multispin interactions that involve an even number of spin operators from each chain. Using the proposed fermionization method we provide a simple argument suggesting that a spin Hamiltonian closely related to the ring-exchange model proposed by Paramekanti et al., [Phys. Rev. B 66, 054526 (2002)] indeed realizes a spin-liquid state.

arXiv:1003.3874•Physical Review B•Aug 27, 2010•11 citations

Mapping local Hamiltonians of fermions to local Hamiltonians of spins

F Verstraete, J I Cirac

We show how to map local fermionic problems onto local spin problems on a lattice in any dimension. The main idea is to introduce auxiliary degrees of freedom, represented by Majorana fermions, which allow us to extend the Jordan–Wigner transformation to dimensions higher than one. We also discuss the implications of our results in the numerical investigation of fermionic systems.

arXiv:cond-mat/0508353•Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment•Sep 1, 2005•196 citations

Mapping local Hamiltonians of fermions to local Hamiltonians of spins

Verstraete, F., Cirac, J. I.

We show how to map local fermionic problems onto local spin problems on a lattice in any dimension. The main idea is to introduce auxiliary degrees of freedom, represented by Majorana fermions, which allow us to extend the Jordan–Wigner transformation to dimensions higher than one. We also discuss the implications of our results in the numerical investigation of fermionic systems.

•Sep 1, 2005•85 citations

Bosonization in three spatial dimensions and a 2-form gauge theory

Yu-An Chen, Anton Kapustin

The well-known Jordan-Wigner transformation maps an arbitrary system of fermions on a one-dimensional lattice to a system of spins. An essential property of this transformation is that it preserves the locality of observables. This transformation has been recently extended to two-dimensional lattices, where it maps an arbitrary system of fermions to a gauge theory, with locality preserved. Here, the authors construct a bosonization map for arbitrary systems of fermions in three dimensions. As an application, the authors design a model of interacting spins on a cubic lattice, which is exactly soluble and is equivalent to a tight-binding model of free fermions with Dirac points.

arXiv:1807.07081•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Dec 16, 2019•67 citations

Properties and application of SO(3) Majorana representation of spin: Equivalence with Jordan-Wigner transformation and exact Z2 gauge theories for spin models

Jianlong Fu

We explore the properties of the SO(3) Majorana representation of spin. Based on its nonlocal nature, it is shown that there is an equivalence between the SO(3) Majorana representation and the Jordan-Wigner transformation in one and two dimensions. From the relation between the SO(3) Majorana representation and one-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation, we show that application of the SO(3) Majorana representation usually results in ${Z}_{2}$ gauge structure. Based on lattice Chern-Simons gauge theory, it is shown that the anticommuting link variables in the SO(3) Majorana representation make it equivalent to an operator form of compact ${\text{U(1)}}_{1}$ Chern-Simons Jordan-Wigner transformation in 2D. As examples of its application, we discuss two spin models, namely the quantum XY model on a honeycomb lattice and the ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ compass model on a square lattice. It is shown that under the SO(3) Majorana representation both spin models can be exactly mapped into ${Z}_{2}$ gauge theory of spinons, with the standard form of ${Z}_{2}$ Gauss law constraint.

arXiv:1809.02974•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Dec 19, 2018•8 citations
We discuss a scheme for performing Jordan-Wigner transformation for various lattice fermion systems in two and three dimensions which keeps internal and spatial symmetries manifest. The correspondence between fermionic and bosonic operators is established with the help of auxiliary Majorana fermions. The current construction is applicable to general lattices with even coordination numbers and an arbitrary number of fermion flavors. The approach is demonstrated on the single-orbital square, triangular, and cubic lattices for spin-1/21/21/2 fermions. We also discuss the relation to some quantum spin liquid models.
The Jordan-Wigner transformation is traditionally applied to one dimensional systems, but recent works have generalized the transformation to fermionic lattice systems in higher dimensions while keeping locality manifest. These developments could aid the theoretical or even experimental studies of strongly correlated electronic problems through their bosonic counterparts. In this work, we develop a scheme for higher-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation which keeps all relevant symmetries manifest on the bosonic side. Our approach connects the discussion of exact lattice bosonization to the familiar notions of fractionalized partons like spinons and chargeons, and works for spin-1/21/21/2 fermions -- like the physical electrons -- on four-coordinated lattices. The construction is applied to fermions defined on the square, kagome and diamond lattices, and we provide explicit expressions for the bosonized versions of well-known models of strongly correlated electrons, like the Hubbard and ttt-JJJ models.
Proposed is a generalization of Jordan-Wigner transform that allows to exactly fermionize a large family of quantum spin Hamiltonians in dimensions higher than one. The key steps are to enlarge the Hilbert space of the original model by adding to it a collection of stand-alone free spins and to use a combination of these auxiliary operators and the lattice spins to construct a proper fermion representation of the physical Hamiltonian. The transform is especially useful for lattice spin Hamiltonians, where two-spin interactions of XYXYXY type are either absent or exist only within one-dimensional chains and where the chains are coupled via two-spin interactions of Ising type, ring-exchange terms, or more general multispin interactions that involve an even number of spin operators from each chain. Using the proposed fermionization method we provide a simple argument suggesting that a spin Hamiltonian closely related to the ring-exchange model proposed by Paramekanti et al., [Phys. Rev. B 66, 054526 (2002)] indeed realizes a spin-liquid state.
The well-known Jordan-Wigner transformation maps an arbitrary system of fermions on a one-dimensional lattice to a system of spins. An essential property of this transformation is that it preserves the locality of observables. This transformation has been recently extended to two-dimensional lattices, where it maps an arbitrary system of fermions to a gauge theory, with locality preserved. Here, the authors construct a bosonization map for arbitrary systems of fermions in three dimensions. As an application, the authors design a model of interacting spins on a cubic lattice, which is exactly soluble and is equivalent to a tight-binding model of free fermions with Dirac points.
We explore the properties of the SO(3) Majorana representation of spin. Based on its nonlocal nature, it is shown that there is an equivalence between the SO(3) Majorana representation and the Jordan-Wigner transformation in one and two dimensions. From the relation between the SO(3) Majorana representation and one-dimensional Jordan-Wigner transformation, we show that application of the SO(3) Majorana representation usually results in Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ gauge structure. Based on lattice Chern-Simons gauge theory, it is shown that the anticommuting link variables in the SO(3) Majorana representation make it equivalent to an operator form of compact U(1)1{\text{U(1)}}_{1}U(1)1​ Chern-Simons Jordan-Wigner transformation in 2D. As examples of its application, we discuss two spin models, namely the quantum XY model on a honeycomb lattice and the ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ compass model on a square lattice. It is shown that under the SO(3) Majorana representation both spin models can be exactly mapped into Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ gauge theory of spinons, with the standard form of Z2{Z}_{2}Z2​ Gauss law constraint.