In this paper we describe an algebraic/geometrical approach to quantum scrambling. Generalized quantum subsystems are described by an hermitian-closed unital subalgebra A of operators evolving through a unitary channel. Qualitatively, quantum scrambling is defined by how the associated physical degrees of freedom get mixed up with others by the dynamics. Quantitatively, this is accomplished by introducing a measure, the geometric algebra anti-correlator (GAAC), of the self-orthogonalization of the commutant of A induced by the dynamics. This approach extends and unifies averaged bipartite OTOC, operator entanglement, coherence generating power and Loschmidt echo. Each of these concepts is indeed recovered by a special choice of A . We compute typical values of GAAC for random unitaries, we prove upper bounds and characterize their saturation. For generic energy spectrum we find explicit expressions for the infinite-time average of the GAAC which encode the relation between A and the full system of Hamiltonian eigenstates. Finally, a notion of A -chaoticity is suggested.
Much recent work has been devoted to the study of information scrambling in quantum systems. In this paper, we study the long-time properties of the algebraic out-of-time-order-correlator (``$\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$'') and derive an analytical expression for its long-time average under the nonresonance condition. The $\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$ quantifies quantum scrambling with respect to degrees of freedom described by an operator subalgebra
A, which is associated with a partitioning of the corresponding system into a generalized tensor product structure. Recently, the short-time growth of the $\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$ was proposed as a criterion to determine which partition arises naturally from the system's unitary dynamics. In this paper, we extend this program to the long-time regime where the long-time average of the $\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$ serves as the metric of subsystem emergence. Under this framework, natural system partitions are characterized by the tendency to minimally scramble information over long timescales. We consider several physical examples, ranging from quantum many-body systems and stabilizer codes to quantum reference frames, and perform the minimization of the $\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$ long-time average both analytically and numerically over relevant families of algebras. For simple cases subject to the nonresonant condition, minimal $\mathcal{A}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{OTOC}$ long-time average is shown to be related to minimal entanglement of the Hamiltonian eigenstates across the emergent system partition. Finally, we conjecture and provide evidence for a general structure of the algebra that minimizes the average for nonresonant Hamiltonians.
We consider unitary quantum scrambling for an entire class of observable algebras
A whose commutant
A′=CZ2 is generated by a Hermitian involution
S, i.e., a parity operator. We adopt two different, although related, scrambling measures: (a) the algebraic out-of-time-order correlator (A-OTOC) introduced in [Andreadakis, Anand, and Zanardi, Phys. Rev. A 107, 042217 (2023)], and (b) a Slater-determinant-type quantity, dubbed the Plücker fidelity, obtained by embedding operator algebras into a higher-dimensional projective operator space. Both measures admit a simple geometric interpretation in terms of distances between algebras and their dynamical images. Moreover, they can be expressed in terms of the norm of the
Z2-symmetry-breaking component of the unitary, which is in turn controlled by the time autocorrelation function of the
Z2 generator
S. We derive exact expressions for the A-OTOC and the Plücker fidelity in the general case, as well as their values for a random unitary. For Hamiltonian-generated channels, we compute their long-time averages, as well as the typical values of these long-time averages for random generators
S. Finally, we numerically explore the results of our formalism for interacting spin chains in different phases and for different physical parity operators.
In this paper we will attempt to answer the following question: what are the natural quantum subsystems which emerge out of a system's dynamical laws? To answer this question we first define generalized tensor product structures (gTPS) in terms of observables, as dual pairs of an operator subalgebra A and its commutant. Second, we propose an operational criterion of minimal information scrambling at short time scales to dynamically select gTPS. In this way the emergent subsystems are those which maintain the longest informational identity. This strategy is made quantitative by defining a Gaussian scrambling rate in terms of the short-time expansion of an algebraic version of the Out of Time Order Correlation (OTOC) function i.e., the A -OTOC. The Gaussian scrambling rate is computed analytically for physically important cases of general division into subsystems, and is shown to have an intuitive and compelling physical interpretation in terms of minimizing the interaction strength between subsystems.
A closed quantum system never forgets its initial state, but the encoded information can get scrambled and become inaccessible without measuring a large fraction of all the system degrees of freedom. This scrambling can be diagnosed by studying the spatial spreading of initially local operators under the Heisenberg time evolution, and the decay of the out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOC). What insights can OTOCs provide to understand the dynamics of quantum many-body systems? What are the characteristic behaviors of OTOCs during the time evolution? How is information scrambling affected by the dissipation in open quantum many-body systems? We first study slow scrambling in many-body localized systems via calculating various correlators, two-point retarded correlators and OTOCs. Comparing with retarded correlators, OTOCs provide more information about the dynamics. We find that disorder slows and partially halts the onset of information scrambling. Instead of ballistic spreading, propagation of information forms a logarithmic light cone. Next, we study the finite-size scaling of OTOCs at late times in generic thermalizing quantum many-body systems. When energy is conserved, the late-time saturation value of the OTOC of generic traceless local operators scales as an inverse polynomial in the system size. This is in contrast to the inverse exponential scaling expected for chaotic dynamics without energy conservation. We also study information scrambling in open quantum many-body systems. We define a dissipative version of OTOC and study its behaviors in a prototypical chaotic quantum chain with dissipation. We find that dissipation leads to not only the overall decay of the scrambled information due to leaking, but also structural changes so that the information light cone can only reach a finite distance even when the effect of overall decay is removed. Finally, we construct a family of local Hamiltonians for understanding the asymmetric information scrambling. Our models live on a one-dimensional lattice and exhibit asymmetric butterfly light cone between the left and right spatial directions.
Out-of-time-ordered correlators (OTOCs) have been extensively used over the past few years to study information scrambling and quantum chaos in many-body systems. In this paper, we extend the formalism of the averaged bipartite OTOC of Styliaris et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 030601 (2021)] to the case of open quantum systems. The dynamics is no longer unitary but it is described by more general quantum channels (trace preserving, completely positive maps). This ``open bipartite OTOC'' can be treated in an exact analytical fashion and is shown to amount to a distance between two quantum channels. Moreover, our analytical form unveils competing entropic contributions from information scrambling and environmental decoherence such that the latter can obfuscate the former. To elucidate this subtle interplay, we analytically study special classes of quantum channels, namely, dephasing channels, entanglement-breaking channels, and others. Finally, as a physical application we numerically study dissipative many-body spin chains and show how the competing entropic effects can be used to differentiate between integrable and chaotic regimes.
Operator scrambling is a crucial ingredient of quantum chaos. Specifically, in the quantum chaotic system, a simple operator can become increasingly complicated under unitary time evolution. This can be diagnosed by various measures such as square of the commutator (out-of-time-ordered correlator), operator entanglement entropy etc. In this paper, we discuss operator scrambling in three representative models: a chaotic spin-
1/2 chain with spatially local interactions, a 2-local spin model and the quantum linear map. In the first two examples, although the speeds of scrambling are quite different, a simple Pauli spin operator can eventually approach a "highly entangled" operator with operator entanglement entropy taking a volume law value (close to the Page value). Meanwhile, the spectrum of the operator reduced density matrix develops a universal spectral correlation which can be characterized by the Wishart random matrix ensemble. In the second example, we further connect the 2-local model into a one dimensional chain and briefly discuss the operator scrambling there. In contrast, in the quantum linear map, although the square of commutator can increase exponentially with time, a simple operator does not scramble but performs chaotic motion in the operator basis space determined by the classical linear map. We show that once we modify the quantum linear map such that operator can mix in the operator basis, the operator entanglement entropy can grow and eventually saturate to its Page value, thus making it a truly quantum chaotic model.