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arXiv:2106.12508

Filtering of higher-dimensional entanglement networks using information volumes

Shahabeddin Mostafanazhad aslmarand, Warner A. Miller, Doyeol Doyeol, Ahn, Alsing, Paul M.

Published Jun 23, 2021• 0 citations
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Abstract

We introduce a novel geometric approach to characterize entanglement relations in large quantum systems. Our approach is inspired by Schumacher's singlet state triangle inequality, which used an entropic-based distance to capture the strange properties of entanglement using geometric-based inequalities. Schumacher uses classical entropy and can only describe the geometry of bipartite states. We extend his approach by using von Neumann entropy to create an entanglement monotone that can be generalized for higher dimensional systems. We achieve this by utilizing recent definitions for entropic areas, volumes, and higher-dimensional volumes for multipartite quantum systems. This enables us to differentiate systems with high quantum correlation from systems with low quantum correlation and differentiate between different types of multi-partite entanglement. It also enables us to describe some of the strange properties of quantum entanglement using simple geometrical inequalities. Our geometrization of entanglement provides new insight into quantum entanglement. Perhaps by constructing well-motivated geometrical structures (e.g. relations among areas, volumes ...), a set of trivial geometrical inequalities can reveal some of the complex properties of higher-dimensional entanglement in multi-partite systems. We provide numerous illustrative applications of this approach, and in particular to a random sample of a thousand density matrices.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2106.12508

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We introduce a novel geometric approach to characterize entanglement relations in large quantum systems. Our approach is inspired by Schumacher's singlet state triangle inequality, which used an entropic-based distance to capture the strange properties of entanglement using geometric-based inequalities. Schumacher uses classical entropy and can only describe the geometry of bipartite states. We extend his approach by using von Neumann entropy to create an entanglement monotone that can be generalized for higher dimensional systems. We achieve this by utilizing recent definitions for entropic areas, volumes, and higher-dimensional volumes for multipartite quantum systems. This enables us to differentiate systems with high quantum correlation from systems with low quantum correlation and differentiate between different types of multi-partite entanglement. It also enables us to describe some of the strange properties of quantum entanglement using simple geometrical inequalities. Our geometrization of entanglement provides new insight into quantum entanglement. Perhaps by constructing well-motivated geometrical structures (e.g. relations among areas, volumes ...), a set of trivial geometrical inequalities can reveal some of the complex properties of higher-dimensional entanglement in multi-partite systems. We provide numerous illustrative applications of this approach, and in particular to a random sample of a thousand density matrices.
In this paper, we introduce a novel way of witnessing entanglement in quantum systems. This geometrical approach will enable us to differentiate systems with high quantum correlation from systems with low quantum correlation. We will show using this geometrical approach to quantum entanglement; one can address the entanglement between specific parts of the quantum network without the necessity to calculate all pairwise entanglement between nodes in the network. We will also show that for particular quantum networks, this geometrical approach will be the geometrical realization of squashed entanglement. Our approach is inspired by Schumacher's singlet state triangle inequality, that used an information geometry-based entropic distance, however, unlike Schumacher, who uses classical entropy, we will use von Neumann entropy to reach a new inequality and then will generalize this inequality using entropic areas and volumes and higher dimensional volumes for multipartite quantum systems.
We analyze the geometry of a joint distribution over a set of discrete random variables. We briefly review Shannon's entropy, conditional entropy, mutual information and conditional mutual information. We review the entropic information distance formula of Rokhlin and Rajski. We then define an analogous information area. We motivate this definition and discuss its properties. We extend this definition to higher-dimensional volumes. We briefly discuss the potential utility for these geometric measures in quantum information processing.
Quantum mechanics can produce correlations that are stronger than classically allowed. This stronger–than–classical correlation is the “fuel” for quantum computing. In 1991 Schumacher forwarded a beautiful geometric approach, analogous to the well-known result of Bell, to capture non-classicality of this correlation for a singlet state. He used a well-established information distance defined on an ensemble of identically–prepared states. He calculated that for certain detector settings used to measure the entangled state, the resulting geometry violated a triangle inequality — a violation that is not possible classically. This provided a novel information–based geometric Bell inequality in terms of a “covariance distance.” Here we experimentally reproduce his construction and demonstrate a definitive violation for a Bell state of two photons based on the usual spontaneous parametric down-conversion in a paired BBO crystal. The state we produced had a visibility of Vad=0.970. We discuss generalizations to higher dimensional multipartite quantum states.
We introduce a new approach to evaluating entangled quantum networks using information geometry. Quantum computing is powerful because of the enhanced correlations from quantum entanglement. For example, larger entangled networks can enhance quantum key distribution (QKD). Each network we examine is an n-photon quantum state with a degree of entanglement. We analyze such a state within the space of measured data from repeated experiments made by n observers over a set of identically-prepared quantum states – a quantum state interrogation in the space of measurements. Each observer records a 1 if their detector triggers, otherwise they record a 0. This generates a string of 1’s and 0’s at each detector, and each observer can define a binary random variable from this sequence. We use a well-known information geometry-based measure of distance that applies to these binary strings of measurement outcomes,1–3 and we introduce a generalization of this length to area, volume and higher-dimensional volumes.4 These geometric equations are defined using the familiar Shannon expression for joint and mutual entropy.5 We apply our approach to three distinct tripartite quantum states: the |GHZi state, the |Wi state, and a separable state |Pi. We generalize a well-known information geometry analysis of a bipartite state to a tripartite state. This approach provides a novel way to characterize quantum states, and it may have favorable scaling with increased number of photons.
Quantum entanglement is a fundamental resource in quantum information theory, yet its general characterization and quantification remain challenging, especially in multipartite systems. In this work we investigate entanglement from a geometric perspective, focusing on the Riemannian structure induced by the Fubini--Study metric on the projective Hilbert space of multi-qubit quantum states. By exploiting the local-unitary invariance of this metric, we derive the entanglement distance (ED), a geometric measure that quantifies entanglement as an obstruction to locally minimizing the sum of squared Fubini--Study distances generated by local operations. We analyze the properties of ED for pure multi-qubit states and discuss its behavior under local operations and classical communication. In particular, we show that ED reproduces established entanglement measures in well-defined and restricted settings. For pure states of two qubits, ED reduces to an exact monotone function of the concurrence and, independently, to an explicit monotone function of the entropy of entanglement. These results provide a clear geometric interpretation of standard bipartite entanglement measures within the present framework, while highlighting the limitations of such correspondences beyond the two-qubit case.
Abstract The wedge product of post-measurement vectors of a two-qubit state gives rise to a parallelogram, whose ‘area’ has been shown to be equivalent to the generalized I-concurrence measure of entanglement. In multi-qudit systems, the wedge product of post-measurement vectors naturally leads to a higher dimensional parallelepiped which yields a modified faithful entanglement measure. Our new measure fine grains the entanglement monotone, wherein different entangled classes manifest with different geometries. We present a complete analysis of the bipartite qutrit case considering all possible geometric structures where three entanglement classes of pure bipartite qutrit states can be identified with different geometries of post-measurement vectors: three planar vectors; three mutually orthogonal vectors; and three vectors that are neither planar and not all of them are mutually orthogonal. It is further demonstrated that the geometric condition of area and volume maximization naturally leads to the maximization of entanglement. The wedge product approach uncovers an inherent geometry of entanglement and is found to be very useful for the characterization and quantification of entanglement in higher dimensional systems.