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arXiv:2106.02049 · Nature Photonics

Photon-number entanglement generated by sequential excitation of a two-level atom

Stephen C. Wein, J. C. Loredo, Maria Maffei, Paul Hilaire, Abdelmounaïm Harouri, Niccolò Somaschi, Aristide Lemaître, Isabelle Sagnes, L. Lanco, O. Krebs, Alexia Auffèves, Christoph Simon, P. Senellart, C. Antón

Published Apr 7, 2022• 41 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41566-022-00979-z

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The sequential resonant excitation of a two-level quantum system results in the emission of a state of light showing time-entanglement encoded in the photon-number basis: notions that can be extended to three-level quantum systems as discussed in a recent proposal [ Opt. Lett. 48 , 6332 ( 2023 ) 10.1364/OL.506403 ]. Here, we report the experimental implementation of a sequential two-photon resonant excitation process of a solid-state three-level system, constituted by the biexciton, exciton, and ground states of a semiconductor quantum dot. The resulting light state exhibits entanglement in time and energy, encoded in the photon-number basis, which could be used in quantum information applications, e.g., dense information encoding or quantum communication protocols. By performing energy- and time-resolved correlation experiments in combination with extensive theoretical modeling, we are able to partially retrieve the entanglement structure of the generated state and extract an upper bound for the fidelity to the entangled target state of F ≤70% before loss.
We propose a general scheme to generate entanglement encoded in the photon-number basis, via a sequential resonant two-photon excitation of a three-level system. We apply it to the specific case of a quantum dot three-level system, which can emit a photon pair through a biexciton-exciton cascade. The state generated in our scheme constitutes a tool for secure communication, as the multipartite correlations present in the produced state may provide an enhanced rate of secret communication with respect to a perfect GHZ state.
We explore the asymmetric sequential Landau-Zener (LZ) dynamics in an ensemble of interacting Bose-condensed two-level atoms coupled with a cavity field. Assuming the couplings between all atoms and the cavity field are identical, the interplay between atom-atom interaction and detuning may lead to a series of LZ transitions. Unlike the conventional sequential LZ transitions, which are symmetric to the zero detuning, the LZ transitions of Bose-condensed atoms in a cavity field are asymmetric and sensitively depend on the photon number distribution of the cavity. In LZ processes involving single excitation numbers, both the variance of the relative atom number and the step slope of the sequential population ladder are asymmetric, and the asymmetry becomes more significant for smaller excitation numbers. Furthermore, in LZ processes involving multiple excitation numbers, there may appear asymmetric population ladders with decreasing step heights. During a dynamical LZ process, due to the atom-cavity coupling, the cavity field shows dynamical collapses and revivals. In comparison with the symmetric LZ transitions in a classical field, the asymmetric LZ transitions in a cavity field originate from the photon-number-dependent Rabi frequency. The asymmetric sequential LZ dynamics of Bose-condensed atoms in a cavity field may open up a way to explore the fundamental many-body physics in coupled atom-photon systems.