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arXiv:2106.01479 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Two-dimensional three-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions

Jianing Han

Published Jul 14, 2021• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract The interactions between dipoles are called dipole–dipole interactions. One type of dipole–dipole interaction is van der Waals interaction. Similar to van der Waals interactions, the interactions between quadrupoles are called quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Atoms can be treated not only as dipoles but also as quadrupoles. In this article, we study the quadrupole interactions between highly excited atoms or Rydberg atoms. In addition, unlike many other calculations, in which the primary focus was on the one-dimensional two-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, the primary aim of this article is to study the two-dimensional few-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Specifically, the two-dimensional three-body interactions are investigated. This research has many applications, such as quadrupole-blockade for quantum computing, creating molecules based on quadrupole interactions, or quadrupole–quadrupole molecules.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/ac19f5

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Abstract The interactions between dipoles are called dipole–dipole interactions. One type of dipole–dipole interaction is van der Waals interaction. Similar to van der Waals interactions, the interactions between quadrupoles are called quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Atoms can be treated not only as dipoles but also as quadrupoles. In this article, we study the quadrupole interactions between highly excited atoms or Rydberg atoms. In addition, unlike many other calculations, in which the primary focus was on the one-dimensional two-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, the primary aim of this article is to study the two-dimensional few-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Specifically, the two-dimensional three-body interactions are investigated. This research has many applications, such as quadrupole-blockade for quantum computing, creating molecules based on quadrupole interactions, or quadrupole–quadrupole molecules.
Van der Waals interactions, or dipole-dipole interactions, are very common interactions between atoms. Since atoms have quadrupole moments, there are dipole-quadrupole interactions between atoms. If there are two atoms, we treat one atom as a dipole and the other atom as a quadrupole. The interactions between those two atoms are dipole-quadrupole interactions. Two-body dipole-quadrupole interactions have been investigated since the 1960s. However, three-dimensional few-body dipole-quadrupole interactions are relatively less studied. In this article, the formalisms for three-dimensional dipole-quadrupole interactions are given. In addition, two-dimensional three-body pairwise dipole-quadrupole interactions are examined. Specifically, we study the dipole-quadrupole interactions among three atoms located at the three vertices of a triangle. This research has many applications, such as creating dipole-quadrupole coupled molecules, manufacturing more compact quantum computers, producing plasma, and constructing quantum sensors.
Van der Waals interactions are interactions between dipoles. Similarly, quadrupole-quadrupole interactions are interactions between quadrupoles. In this article, we focus on the interactions between two dipoles or two quadrupoles. Classically, we treat one Rydberg atom as a dipole; an outer excited electron and an ion core are the two poles of a dipole. Quantum mechanically, we consider Rydberg transition dipoles. Therefore, dipole-dipole interactions are the interactions between two Rydberg atoms. Rydberg atoms have quadrupole components; consequently, the interactions between two Rydberg atoms have quadrupole-quadrupole interaction components. In this article, we examine the dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole contribution to the interactions between ultracold Rydberg atoms. It is shown that the evidence of quadrupole-blockade has been observed, which is essential for fabricating more compact quantum computers, quantum electronics, as well as quantum sensing.
Charge-dipole interactions are very common interactions among atoms and molecules, especially materials that can emit light or contain free charges. The second-order charge-dipole interactions, proportional to 1R4\frac{1}{R^4}R41​, are stronger than the second-order dipole-dipole interactions or van der Waals interactions, proportional to 1R6\frac{1}{R^6}R61​, at longer distances. In reality, there is more than one atom or charge; therefore, we focus on few-body charge-dipole interactions, such as charge-dipole-dipole interactions. Laser cooling and trapping allow us to study such interactions with much higher precision. In this article, charge-dipole interactions will be investigated in ultracold gases. To increase the interaction strength, we excite the ultracold atoms to highly excited states, Rydberg states. Here, we treat one Rydberg atom as a dipole, the excited electron and the ion core are the two poles of an electric dipole. Specifically, we study charge-atom interactions in ultracold Rydberg gases.
Few-body interactions offer the opportunity to study the isolated atom to few-body coupled molecules, and to condensed matter transitions. Atoms in molecules and in condensed matters are coupled by different orders of multipole–multipole interactions, which all stem from different orders of approximations from coulomb interactions between multiple charges. The lowest order multipole–multipole interaction is the dipole–dipole interaction, which is proportional to the size of the dipole. In this article, we use Rydberg atoms, which have more than 1000 times greater electric dipoles than the ground state atoms, to study the van der Waals interaction between few bodies. In addition to the large dipoles, the kinetic energy of the atoms is significantly reduced by reducing the temperature, which makes these interactions stable and observable. Here, we report on the 2D and 3D few-body interaction potentials and possible ways of creating semistable molecules in such an ultracold Rydberg gas with a temperature of ≈100 nK. Although we use Rydberg atoms in this article, this calculation can be applied to other states too. The results reported here are useful for studying repulsive van der Waals interactions and creating ultracold molecules.
Charge-dipole interactions are very common interactions among atoms and molecules, especially materials that can emit light or contain free charges. The second-order charge-dipole interactions, proportional to 1 R 4 , are stronger than the second-order dipole-dipole interactions or van der Waals interactions, proportional to 1 R 6 , at longer distances. In reality, there is more than one atom or charge; therefore, we focus on few-body charge-dipole interactions, such as charge-dipole-dipole interactions. Laser cooling and trapping allow us to study such interactions with much higher precision. In this article, charge-dipole interactions will be investigated in cold gases. To increase the interaction strength, we excite the cold atoms to highly excited states, Rydberg states. Here, we treat one Rydberg atom as a dipole; the excited electron and the ion core are the two poles of an electric dipole. Specifically, we study charge-atom interactions in cold Rydberg gases. The laser-cooled lower level atoms were excited to highly excited states, and we scanned a microwave to look at the line shape of a particular transition between two Rydberg states. It has been shown that adding a charge can enhance atom-atom interactions under certain circumstances.