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arXiv:2105.10692 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Off-diagonal long-range order implies vanishing charge gap

Hal Tasaki, Haruki Watanabe

Published Nov 8, 2021• 1 citation
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Abstract

For a large class of quantum many-body systems with U(1) symmetry, we prove a general inequality that relates the (off-diagonal) long-range order with the charge gap. For a system of bosons or fermions on a lattice or in the continuum, the inequality implies that a ground state with off-diagonal long-range order inevitably has a vanishing charge gap, and hence is characterized by nonzero charge susceptibility. For a quantum spin system, the inequality implies that a ground state within a magnetization plateau cannot have transverse long-range order.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.104.l180501

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For a large class of quantum many-body systems with U(1) symmetry, we prove a general inequality that relates the (off-diagonal) long-range order with the charge gap. For a system of bosons or fermions on a lattice or in the continuum, the inequality implies that a ground state with off-diagonal long-range order inevitably has a vanishing charge gap, and hence is characterized by nonzero charge susceptibility. For a quantum spin system, the inequality implies that a ground state within a magnetization plateau cannot have transverse long-range order.
In quantum many-body systems with a U(1) symmetry, such as particle number conservation and axial spin conservation, there are two distinct types of excitations: charge-neutral excitations and charged excitations. The energy gaps of these excitations may be independent from each other in strongly correlated systems. The static susceptibility of the U(1) charge vanishes when the charged excitations are all gapped, but its relation to the neutral excitations is not obvious. Here we show that a finite excitation gap of the neutral excitations is, in fact, sufficient to prove that the charge susceptibility vanishes (i.e., the system is incompressible). This result gives a partial explanation for why the celebrated quantization condition n(S-m_{z})∈Z at magnetization plateaus works even in spatial dimensions greater than one.
For a strongly interacting boson system, it has been proposed that the concept of off-diagonal long-range ordering (ODLRO) is equivalent to Bose-Einstein condensation for a free boson system. Therefore, the existence of ODLRO in the ground state implies superfluidity. The author checks the validity of this proposition from another point of view. He rigorously shows that, for a hard-core lattice-boson system with a short-ranged interaction ODLRO is suppressed when a charged excitation gap develops and, hence, the boson system becomes a Mott-insulator. Finally, by using his theorem, he shows some interesting properties of the antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model, which can be taken as a hard-core lattice-boson system.
A natural generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle inequality holding for non-Hermitian operators is presented and applied to the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). This inequality was used in a previous paper to prove the absence of long-range order in the ground state of several one-dimensional (1D) systems with continuous-group symmetries. In this paper, we use it to rule out the occurrence of Bose-Einstein condensation in the bosonic representation of the FQHE wave function proposed by Girvin and MacDonald. We show that the absence of off-diagonal long-range order in this two-dimensional (2D) problem is directly connected with the q2{\mathit{q}}^{2}q2 behavior of the static structure function S(q) at small momenta.
We consider many-body systems with a global U(1) symmetry on a class of lattices with the (fractal) dimension D<2 and their zero temperature correlations whose observables behave as a vector under the U(1) rotation. For a wide class of the models, we prove that if there exists a spectral gap above the ground state, then the correlation functions have a stretched exponentially decaying upper bound. This is an extension of the McBryan-Spencer method at finite temperatures to zero temperature. The class includes quantum spin and electron models on the lattices, and our method also allows finite or infinite (quasi)degeneracy of the ground state. The resulting bounds rule out the possibility of the corresponding magnetic and electric long-range orders.
We study the relation between the spectral gap above the ground state and the decay of the correlations in the ground state in quantum spin and fermion systems with short-range interactions on a wide class of lattices. We prove that, if two observables anticommute with each other at large distance, then the nonvanishing spectral gap implies exponential decay of the corresponding correlation. When two observables commute with each other at large distance, the connected correlation function decays exponentially under the gap assumption. If the observables behave as a vector under the U(1) rotation of a global symmetry of the system, we use previous results on the large distance decay of the correlation function to show the stronger statement that the correlation function itself, rather than just the connected correlation function, decays exponentially under the gap assumption on a lattice with a certain self-similarity in (fractal) dimensions D < 2. In particular, if the system is translationally invariant in one of the spatial directions, then this self-similarity condition is automatically satisfied. We also treat systems with long-range, power-law decaying interactions. Spectral Gap and Exponential Decay of Correlations 2 1
We show that a quantum state in a lattice spin (boson) system must be long-range entangled if it has nonzero lattice momentum, i.e., if it is an eigenstate of the translation symmetry with eigenvalue e iP ≠ 1. Equivalently, any state that can be connected with a nonzero momentum state through a finite-depth local unitary transformation must also be long-range entangled.The statement can also be generalized to fermion systems.Some nontrivial consequences follow immediately from our theorem: (i) Several different types of Lieb-Schultz-Mattis-Oshikawa-Hastings theorems, including a previously unknown version involving only a discrete Z n symmetry, can be derived in a simple manner from our result; (ii) a gapped topological order (in space dimension d > 1) must weakly break translation symmetry if one of its ground states on torus has nontrivial momentum-this generalizes the familiar physics of Tao-Thouless; (iii) our result provides further evidence of the "smoothness" assumption widely used in the classification of crystalline symmetryprotected topological phases.