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arXiv:2105.03628 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

Temperature Selective Thermometry with Sub‐Microsecond Time Resolution Using Dressed‐Spin States in Diamond

Jiwon Yun, Kiho Kim, Sungjoon Park, Dohun Kim

Published Sep 16, 2021• 6 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Versatile nanoscale sensors that are susceptible to changes in a variety of physical quantities often exhibit limited selectivity. This paper reports a novel scheme based on microwave‐dressed spin states for optically probed nanoscale temperature detection using diamond quantum sensors, which provides selective sensitivity to temperature changes. By combining this scheme with a continuous pump–probe scheme using ensemble nitrogen‐vacancy centers in nanodiamonds, a sub‐microsecond temporal resolution with thermal sensitivity of 3.7 that is insensitive to variations in external magnetic fields on the order of 2 G is demonstrated. The presented results are favorable for the practical application of time‐resolved nanoscale quantum sensing, where temperature imaging is required under fluctuating magnetic fields.

DOI
10.1002/qute.202100084

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quant-pharXiv:2608.26942•Aug 28, 2026
Abstract Versatile nanoscale sensors that are susceptible to changes in a variety of physical quantities often exhibit limited selectivity. This paper reports a novel scheme based on microwave‐dressed spin states for optically probed nanoscale temperature detection using diamond quantum sensors, which provides selective sensitivity to temperature changes. By combining this scheme with a continuous pump–probe scheme using ensemble nitrogen‐vacancy centers in nanodiamonds, a sub‐microsecond temporal resolution with thermal sensitivity of 3.7 that is insensitive to variations in external magnetic fields on the order of 2 G is demonstrated. The presented results are favorable for the practical application of time‐resolved nanoscale quantum sensing, where temperature imaging is required under fluctuating magnetic fields.
Versatile nanoscale sensors that are susceptible to changes in a variety of physical quantities often exhibit limited selectivity. We propose a novel scheme based on microwave-dressed spin states for optically probed nanoscale temperature detection using diamond quantum sensors, which provides selective sensitivity to temperature changes. By combining this scheme with a continuous pump-probe scheme using ensemble nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds, we demonstrate a sub-100-nanosecond temporal resolution with thermal sensitivity of 3.7 K⋅\cdot⋅Hz−1/2^{-1/2}−1/2 that is insensitive to variations in external magnetic fields on the order of 2 G. The presented results are favorable for the practical application of time-resolved nanoscale quantum sensing, where temperature imaging is required under fluctuating magnetic fields.
Accurate temperature readings of transient events at the nanometer scale are challenging due to the low sensitivity of available sensors. Nanodiamonds containing nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers have been used for nanoscale thermometry in complex environments, including inside living cells. However, their performance has been limited by short coherence times and low photon counts. In this work, we use isotopically-purified dual-NV nanodiamonds and a bespoke quantum sensing chip to showcase an order of magnitude improvement in temperature measurement sensitivity compared with previous reports. We demonstrate robust temperature measurements with an error of 682 μμμK, experimental sensitivities below 50 mK/√Hz\surd \text{Hz}√Hz and a shot-noise limited sensitivity of 9.6 mK/√Hz\surd \text{Hz}√Hz. To confirm the utility of these high-performance nanothermometers, we quantify the temperature change induced by the thermometry measurement itself, specifically the optical excitation laser used to probe the NV spin state. In addition, we observe directly at the nanometre scale the transient heating caused by the exothermic mixing of dimethyl sulfoxide in water. Sub-millikelvin resolution and millikelvin sensitivity thermometry unlock the possibility of monitoring minute thermal fluctuations in living systems and assessing catalyst performance at the nanometre scale.
Abstract Temperature sensing at the nanoscale is a significant experimental challenge. Here, an approach using dressed states is reported to make a leading quantum sensor – the nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) center in diamond – selectively sensitive to temperature, even in the presence of normally confounding magnetic fields. Using an experimentally straightforward approach, the magnetic sensitivity of the NV center is suppressed by a factor of seven, while retaining full temperature sensitivity and narrowing the NV center linewidth. These results demonstrate the power of engineering the sensor Hamiltonian using external control fields to enable sensing with improved specificity to target signals.
Magnetic field fluctuations on nanometer length scales manifest in a diverse range of phenomena -- electron and spin dynamics in materials and devices, quantum many-body systems, and molecular chemistry. Measuring these phenomena requires sensors with a challenging combination of broad spectral bandwidth, high sensitivity, and nanoscale spatial resolution. Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, atom-like quantum sensors in diamond, possess the requisite sensitivity and nanoscale sensing volume, but are typically limited in bandwidth by the practical speed of the applied quantum control sequence. Here, we overcome this limitation by exposing the NV qubit to a microwave dressing field during a dynamical decoupling sequence, which both amplifies and frequency-mixes target signals at arbitrary frequencies into the detection band of the dynamical decoupling protocol. We demonstrate this approach by using NV centers to detect both coherent and noisy nanoscale spin wave dynamics in a magnetic yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) thin film over a broad frequency range. Our technique generalizes to other qubit platforms, providing a versatile framework for nanoscale spectroscopy across diverse physical and chemical systems.
Abstract Solid-state magnetometers like the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond have been of paramount importance for the development of quantum sensing with nanoscale spatial resolution. The underlying protocol is a Ramsey sequence, that imprints an external static magnetic field into the phase of the quantum sensor, which is subsequently read out. In this theoretical work we propose a sensing scheme that harnesses the hyperfine coupling between the NV center and a nearby nuclear spin to set a post-selection protocol. We show that concentrating valuable sensing information into a single successful measurement yields an improvement in sensitivity over Ramsey in the range of short transverse relaxation times. By considering realistic experimental conditions, we found that the detection of weak magnetic fields in the μ T range can be achieved with a sensitivity of few tens of nTHz −1/2 at cryogenic temperature (4 K), and μ THz −1/2 at room temperature.
Color-center based quantum sensors provide nanoscale resolution under ambient conditions, yet their applicability remains limited. Because the quantization axes are locked to the host lattice, conventional color centers suffer severe signal loss in off-axis magnetic fields. To address this, we report an isotropic magnetometer enabled by the neutrally charged nitrogen-vacancy center (NV0) in diamond. Here, spin-to-charge dynamics yield an NV0-dark spin pair whose quantization axis dynamically aligns with the external field. Read out through NV charge-state-selective fluorescence, this system exhibits microsecond room-temperature coherence and nanotesla sensitivity for arbitrary field directions. We demonstrate alignment-free mapping of steep field gradients and single paramagnetic micro-targets, alongside isotropic readout from randomly oriented nanodiamonds. Resolving longstanding orientation constraints, this platform unlocks unrestricted nanoscale magnetometry across life sciences and quantum materials.