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arXiv:2104.10896 · Physical Review A

Temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs via quantum interference

Gian‐Luca Oppo, David Grant, Mansour Eslami

Published Jan 20, 2022• 8 citations
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Abstract

Temporal cavity solitons in ring microresonators provide broad and controllable generation of frequency combs with applications in frequency standards and precise atomic clocks. Three-level media in the $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ configuration inside microresonators displaying electromagnetically induced transparency can be used for the generation of temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs in the presence of anomalous dispersion and two external driving fields close to resonance. Here domain walls separating regions of two dark states due to quantum interference correspond to realizations of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage without input pulses. With no need of modulational instabilities, bright temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs are formed when these domain walls lock with each other. Wide stability ranges, close to resonance operation, and the optimal shape of the cavity solitons due to three-level quantum interference can make them preferable to those in two-level media.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.105.l011501

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Temporal cavity solitons in ring microresonators provide broad and controllable generation of frequency combs with applications in frequency standards and precise atomic clocks. Three-level media in the \ensuremathΛ\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}\ensuremathΛ configuration inside microresonators displaying electromagnetically induced transparency can be used for the generation of temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs in the presence of anomalous dispersion and two external driving fields close to resonance. Here domain walls separating regions of two dark states due to quantum interference correspond to realizations of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage without input pulses. With no need of modulational instabilities, bright temporal cavity solitons and frequency combs are formed when these domain walls lock with each other. Wide stability ranges, close to resonance operation, and the optimal shape of the cavity solitons due to three-level quantum interference can make them preferable to those in two-level media.
Two branches of bistable temporal cavity solitons are found in models of quantum interference in microresonators with a $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ three-level medium in the anomalous dispersion regime. The cavity solitons are due to the locking of moving domain walls. We identify two distinct Maxwell points on opposite sides of the cavity resonance where domain walls are stationary and two distinct temporal cavity solitons, one narrow and with a high peak intensity, the other broader and with a lower peak intensity, coexist over wide parameter ranges and without the need of secondary cavity resonances. Localized structures combining the two soliton branches oscillate on timescales of tens of cavity round trips. Frequency combs generated by combinations of different types of multistable temporal cavity solitons lead to enhanced bandwidths and their control.
Cavity solitons in ring resonators have revolutionized frequency comb generation and its applications. Coexistence of bright and dark cavity solitons in these devices is, in general, associated with vectorial configurations with more than one optical field resonated in the cavity. We demonstrate the coexistence of stable bright, stable dark, and stable hybrid bright-dark cavity solitons in a single resonated field device formed by a three-level medium in a micro-resonator with normal dispersion. Each of these solitons displays unusually wide regions of stability and a multitude of secondary localized structures, including families of soliton crystals leading to an unprecedented variety of possible frequency combs in a single photonic device. Of the many possible soliton crystals, the most striking is a periodic sequence of dark cavity solitons found at huge distances from the stability region of the single dark soliton.
Summary form only given. Here, we demonstrate the first scheme to generate pulsed quantum frequency combs without the need for an external laser. We constructed a laser cavity (Fig. 1a) around a 4-port integrated micro-ring resonator, featuring narrow bandpass filters to select a single resonance, an optical gain component (erbium-doped fiber amplifier), and a mode-locking element (an intensity modulator). By setting the intensity modulation frequency to the fundamental repetition rate of the cavity (determined by the external cavity length), we achieved mode-locked pulsed operation (Fig. 1b), exciting a pulsed two-photon comb. Driving the intensity modulator at multiples of the fundamental repetition rate (upwards of 4x) also resulted in stable mode-locking (Fig. 1c), significant as this enables an increase of the photon pair generation rate without sacrificing its coincidence-to-accidental ratio (CAR). We characterized the photon statistics as a function of the average ring input power (see Fig. 1d), achieving a maximum CAR of 110 that decreases with increasing power and increasing coincidence rates. Autocorrelation measurements confirmed the purity of the generated state (pure single-frequency modes, even at multiples of the repetition rate), confirming that the resonance was excited over its entire bandwidth, and obtained a heralded anti-bunching dip of 0.245<;0.5 as expected of a source operating in the single-photon regime.
Dissipative Kerr solitons in optical microresonators underpin chip-scale frequency combs with applications ranging from coherent telecommunications to precision spectroscopy. Yet the characterization of their intrinsic femtosecond temporal structure remains challenging, as the low pulse energy and broad spectral bandwidth necessitate optical amplification and careful dispersion compensation in conventional ultrafast diagnostics, both of which can significantly distort the waveform. Here we demonstrate a quantum-interference metrology of microcomb solitons based on Hong-Ou-Mandel interference. By attenuating the soliton stream to the single-photon level and measuring fourth-order interference, we directly retrieve near transform-limited pulse durations without amplification or dispersion management, remaining accurate even after propagation through 25 km of standard fiber. The same interferogram also provides direct access to the temporal separations in multi-soliton states by converting inter-soliton separations into additional interference dips at corresponding delays, enabling sub-picosecond characterization of their intracavity temporal structure. This quantum-inspired paradigm introduces a fundamentally new metrological approach that is immune to amplification and dispersion distortions, offering a powerful tool for the characterization of complex soliton physics.
We explore theoretically the generation and all-optical control of optical frequency combs (OFCs) in photon transmission based on a combination of single-atom-cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Here an external control field is used to form the cavity dark mode of the CQED system. When the strengths of the applied EIT control field are appropriately tuned, enhanced comb generation can be achieved. We discuss the properties of the dark mode and clearly show that the formation of the dark mode enables the efficient generation of OFCs. In our approach, the comb spacing is determined by the beating frequency between the driving pump and seed lasers. Our demonstrated theory may pave the way towards all-optical coherent control of OFCs using a CQED architecture.