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arXiv:2104.07510 · Physical Review A

Realignment separability criterion assisted with filtration for detecting continuous-variable entanglement

Anaelle Hertz, Matthieu Arnhem, Ali Asadian, Nicolas J. Cerf

Published Aug 23, 2021• 4 citations
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Abstract

We introduce a weak form of the realignment separability criterion which is particularly suited to detect continuous-variable entanglement and is physically implementable (it requires linear optics transformations and homodyne detection). Moreover, we define a family of states, called Schmidt-symmetric states, for which the weak realignment criterion reduces to the original formulation of the realignment criterion, making it even more valuable as it is easily computable especially in higher dimensions. Then, we focus in particular on Gaussian states and introduce a filtration procedure based on noiseless amplification or attenuation, which enhances the entanglement detection sensitivity. In some specific examples, it does even better than the original realignment criterion.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.104.022427

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AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2025•0 citations
We introduce a weak form of the realignment separability criterion which is particularly suited to detect continuous-variable entanglement and is physically implementable (it requires linear optics transformations and homodyne detection). Moreover, we define a family of states, called Schmidt-symmetric states, for which the weak realignment criterion reduces to the original formulation of the realignment criterion, making it even more valuable as it is easily computable especially in higher dimensions. Then, we focus in particular on Gaussian states and introduce a filtration procedure based on noiseless amplification or attenuation, which enhances the entanglement detection sensitivity. In some specific examples, it does even better than the original realignment criterion.
We provide the entanglement criterion of computable cross norm and realignment for any two-mode continuous-variable state with permutational symmetry. The entanglement criterion for a non-Gaussian state is obtained from its Gaussian kernel by employing the technique of functional analysis. The entanglement conditions turn out to be necessary and sufficient for the non-Gaussian states prepared by one-photon subtracting from or adding to symmetric Gaussian states. The entanglement criterion of non-Gaussian states evolved in thermal noise and amplitude damping environment also is obtained.
Entanglement detection and estimation are fundamental problems in quantum information science. Compared with discrete-variable states, for which lots of efficient entanglement detection criteria and lower bounds of entanglement measures have been proposed, the continuous-variable entanglement is much less understood. Here we shall present a family of entanglement witnesses based on continuous-variable local orthogonal observables (CVLOOs) to detect and estimate entanglement of Gaussian and non-Gaussian states, especially for bound entangled states. By choosing an optimal set of CVLOOs, our entanglement witness is equivalent to the realignment criterion and can be used to detect bound entanglement of a class of 2+2 mode Gaussian states. Via our entanglement witness, lower bounds of two typical entanglement measures for arbitrary two-mode continuous-variable states are provided.
Inspired by the `computable cross norm' or `realignment' criterion, we propose a new point of view about the characterization of the states of bipartite quantum systems. We consider a Schmidt decomposition of a bipartite density operator. The corresponding Schmidt coefficients, or the associated symmetric polynomials, are regarded as quantities that can be used to characterize bipartite quantum states. In particular, starting from the realignment criterion, a family of necessary conditions for the separability of bipartite quantum states is derived. We conjecture that these conditions, which are weaker than the parent criterion, can be strengthened in such a way to obtain a new family of criteria that are independent of the original one. This conjecture is supported by numerical examples for the low dimensional cases. These ideas can be applied to the study of quantum channels, leading to a relation between the rate of contraction of a map and its ability to preserve entanglement.
By combining a parameterized Hermitian matrix, the realignment matrix of the bipartite density matrix, and the vectorization of its reduced density matrices, we present a family of separability criteria which are stronger than the computable cross-norm or realignment (CCNR) criterion. With linear contraction methods, the proposed criteria can be used to detect the multipartite entangled states that are biseparable under any bipartite partitions. Moreover, we show by examples that the presented multipartite separability criteria can be more efficient than the corresponding multipartite realignment criterion based on CCNR, multipartite correlation tensor criterion, and multipartite covariance matrix criterion.
Currently available separability criteria for continuous-variable states are generally based on the covariance matrix of quadrature operators. The well-known separability criterion of Duan et al. [L. M. Duan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2722 (2000)] and Simon [R. Simon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 2726 (2000)], for example, gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a two-mode Gaussian state to be separable, but leaves many entangled non-Gaussian states undetected. Here we introduce an improvement of this criterion that enables a stronger entanglement detection. The improved condition is based on the knowledge of an additional parameter, namely, the degree of Gaussianity, and exploits a connection with Gaussianity-bounded uncertainty relations [A. Mandilara and N. J. Cerf, Phys. Rev. A 86, 030102 (2012)]. We exhibit families of non-Gaussian entangled states whose entanglement remains undetected by the Duan-Simon criterion.
We begin by describing our study of the singular value decomposition. We move on describing the separability/entanglement detection problem for a two-qubit system. After describing a few other criterions used for detection of entangled states, we divert our focus to higher dimensional systems, where we find a necessary condition on the minimum singular value for a d ⊗ d dimensional state to be separable. The condition is based on realignment criterion and structural physical approximation of partial transposition (SPA-PT) criterion. We also discuss the geometrical interpretation of the necessary condition. We have also included some examples that show the situations where other criterion might fail but our condition is useful to detect entangled states. The condition we found is useful in the fact that only the smallest singular value of the realigned matrix is required instead of all the singular values that are required in the other criterion. This makes our criterion have a small computational advantage. After this, we also discussed some ways to approximate the smallest singular value which may in turn help finding entangled states when used along with the above criterion. Index Terms—entanglement detection, quantum information theory, realignment criterion, singular value, structural physical approximation of partial transposition.