Abstract We review the recent advances on exact results for dynamical correlation functions at large scales and related transport coefficients in interacting integrable models. We discuss Drude weights, conductivity and diffusion constants, as well as linear and nonlinear response on top of equilibrium and non-equilibrium states. We consider the problems from the complementary perspectives of the general hydrodynamic theory of many-body systems, including hydrodynamic projections, and form-factor expansions in integrable models, and show how they provide a comprehensive and consistent set of exact methods to extract large scale behaviours. Finally, we overview various applications in integrable spin chains and field theories.
Abstract We review the recent advances on exact results for dynamical correlation functions at large scales and related transport coefficients in interacting integrable models. We discuss Drude weights, conductivity and diffusion constants, as well as linear and nonlinear response on top of equilibrium and non-equilibrium states. We consider the problems from the complementary perspectives of the general hydrodynamic theory of many-body systems, including hydrodynamic projections, and form-factor expansions in integrable models, and show how they provide a comprehensive and consistent set of exact methods to extract large scale behaviours. Finally, we overview various applications in integrable spin chains and field theories.
This thesis is a collection of three exact results on correlation and response functions in integrable systems. In the first part we study transport (two-point functions) in the 1D Hubbard model. First, we analyze the limit of large on-site repulsion and characterize spin transport as a function of temperature. Then, we consider the case where the model displays non-abelian symmetries, e.g., spin SU(2), and argue that in this case transport is anomalous with dynamical scaling exponent z=3/2 and follows \acrshort{kpz} scaling. In the next two parts we focus instead on (perturbative) nonlinear response functions, which can be expressed as n-point correlators with n>2. Given the lack of a systematic understanding of the information which can be extracted from these, we compute them in integrable 1D systems. We therefore focus on two distinct scenarios. In the first scenario, we consider a finite temperature system perturbed by some inhomogeneous field coupling to local charges --- thus the perturbations can only accelerate quasiparticles, but not create/annihilate them. In this context, we develop a diagrammatic framework based on generalized hydrodynamics that allows a systematic calculation of nonlinear response functions. We show that, in the hydrodynamic limit, nonlinear response functions qualitatively distinguish between non-interacting and interacting systems. In the second scenario, we instead consider a zero temperature system whose ground state coincides with the quasiparticle vacuum. In this simpler setting we consider more general perturbations that can also create and annihilate quasiparticles. Focusing on the Ising chain as a paradigmatic model we show that the long-time limit of four-point functions (third-order response) grows linearly in time. We interpret these divergences in terms of semiclassical processes where quasiparticles propagate ballistically and scatter when their trajectories intersect.
We extend beyond the Euler scales the hydrodynamic theory for quantum and classical integrable models developed in recent years, accounting for diffusive dynamics and local entropy production. We review how the diffusive scale can be reached via a gradient expansion of the expectation values of the conserved fields and how the coefficients of the expansion can be computed via integrated steady-state two-point correlation functions, emphasising that {\mathcal PT} 𝒫 T -symmetry can fully fix the inherent ambiguity in the definition of conserved fields at the diffusive scale. We develop a form factor expansion to compute such correlation functions and we show that, while the dynamics at the Euler scale is completely determined by the density of single quasiparticle excitations on top of the local steady state, diffusion is due to scattering processes among quasiparticles, which are only present in truly interacting systems. We then show that only two-quasiparticle scattering processes contribute to the diffusive dynamics. Finally we employ the theory to compute the exact spin diffusion constant of a gapped XXZ spin -1/2 − 1 / 2 chain at finite temperature and half-filling, where we show that spin transport is purely diffusive.
Using the theory of generalized hydrodynamics (GHD), we derive exact Euler-scale dynamical two-point correlation functions of conserved densities and currents in inhomogeneous, non-stationary states of many-body integrable systems with weak space-time variations. This extends previous works to inhomogeneous and non-stationary situations. Using GHD projection operators, we further derive formulae for Euler-scale two-point functions of arbitrary local fields, purely from the data of their homogeneous one-point functions. These are new also in homogeneous generalized Gibbs ensembles. The technique is based on combining a fluctuation-dissipation principle along with the exact solution by characteristics of GHD, and gives a recursive procedure able to generate n n -point correlation functions. Owing to the universality of GHD, the results are expected to apply to quantum and classical integrable field theory such as the sinh-Gordon model and the Lieb-Liniger model, spin chains such as the XXZ and Hubbard models, and solvable classical gases such as the hard rod gas and soliton gases. In particular, we find Leclair-Mussardo-type infinite form-factor series in integrable quantum field theory, and exact Euler-scale two-point functions of exponential fields in the sinh-Gordon model and of powers of the density field in the Lieb-Liniger model. We also analyse correlations in the partitioning protocol, extract large-time asymptotics, and, in free models, derive all Euler-scale n n -point functions.
We show that hydrodynamic diffusion is generically present in many-body, one-dimensional interacting quantum and classical integrable models. We extend the recently developed generalized hydrodynamic (GHD) to include terms of Navier-Stokes type, which leads to positive entropy production and diffusive relaxation mechanisms. These terms provide the subleading diffusive corrections to Euler-scale GHD for the large-scale nonequilibrium dynamics of integrable systems, and arise due to two-body scatterings among quasiparticles. We give exact expressions for the diffusion coefficients. Our results apply to a large class of integrable models, including quantum and classical, Galilean and relativistic field theories, chains, and gases in one dimension, such as the Lieb-Liniger model describing cold atom gases and the Heisenberg quantum spin chain. We provide numerical evaluations in the Heisenberg XXZ spin chain, both for the spin diffusion constant, and for the diffusive effects during the melting of a small domain wall of spins, finding excellent agreement with time-dependent density matrix renormalization group numerical simulations.
We outline a general formalism of hydrodynamics for quantum systems with multiple particle species which undergo completely elastic scattering. In the thermodynamic limit, the complete kinematic data of the problem consist of the particle content, the dispersion relations, and a universal dressing transformation which accounts for interparticle interactions. We consider quantum integrable models and we focus on the one-dimensional fermionic Hubbard model. By linearizing hydrodynamic equations, we provide exact closed-form expressions for Drude weights, generalized static charge susceptibilities, and charge-current correlators valid on the hydrodynamic scale, represented as integral kernels operating diagonally in the space of mode numbers of thermodynamic excitations. We find that, on hydrodynamic scales, Drude weights manifestly display Onsager reciprocal relations even for generic (i.e., noncanonical) equilibrium states, and establish a generalized detailed balance condition for a general quantum integrable model. We present exact analytic expressions for the general Drude weights in the Hubbard model, and explain how to reconcile different approaches for computing Drude weights from the previous literature.
Abstract By the hydrodynamic linear response theory, dynamical correlation functions decay as power laws along certain velocities, determined by the flux Jacobian. Such correlations are obtained by hydrodynamic projections, and physically, they are due to propagating ‘sound waves’ or generalisation thereof, transporting conserved quantities between the observables. However, some observables do not emit sound waves, such as order parameters associated to symmetry breaking. In these cases correlation functions decay exponentially everywhere, a behaviour not captured by the hydrodynamic linear response theory. Focussing on spin–spin correlation functions in the XX quantum chain, we first review how hydrodynamic linear response works, emphasising that the necessary fluid cell averaging washes out oscillatory effects. We then show how, beyond linear response, Euler hydrodynamics can still predict the exponential decay of correlation functions of order parameters. This is done by accounting for the large-scale fluctuations of domain walls, via the recently developed ballistic fluctuation theory. We use the framework of generalised hydrodynamics, which is particularly simple in this model due to its free fermion description. In particular, this reproduces, by elementary calculations, the exponential decay in the celebrated formulae by Its et al (1993) and by Jie (1998), which were originally obtained by intricate Fredholm determinant analysis; and gives a new formula in a parameter domain where no result was obtained before. We confirm the results by numerical simulations.