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arXiv:2103.08168

Nonlinear magnetoelectric effect in atomic vapor

Sushree S. Sahoo, Soumya R. Mishra, G Rajalakshmi, Ashok Kumar Mohapatra

Published Mar 15, 2021• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Magnetoelectric (ME) effect refers to the coupling between electric and magnetic fields in a medium resulting in electric polarization induced by magnetic fields and magnetization induced by electric fields. The linear ME effect in certain magnetoelectric materials such as multiferroics has been of great interest due to its application in the fabrication of spintronics devices, memories, and magnetic sensors. However, the exclusive studies on the nonlinear ME effect are mostly centered on the investigation of second-harmonic generation in chiral materials. Here, we report the demonstration of nonlinear wave mixing of optical electric fields and radio-frequency (rf) magnetic fields in thermal atomic vapor, which is the consequence of the higher-order nonlinear ME effect in the medium. The experimental results are explained by comparing with density matrix calculations of the system. We also experimentally verify the expected dependence of the generated field amplitudes on the rf field magnitude as evidence of the magnetoelectric effect. This study can open up the possibility for precision rf-magnetometry due to its advantage in terms of larger dynamic range and arbitrary frequency resolution.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2103.08168

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We demonstrate the nonlinear magnetoelectric (ME) effect in atomic vapor achieved through the parametric interaction of optical electric and radio-frequency (rf) magnetic fields leading to the generation of new optical electric fields. Density matrix calculations are performed to validate the experimental results. Moreover, the predicted dependence of the generated optical electric field amplitudes on the rf magnetic field strength is experimentally verified to confirm the ME effect. The system provides a technique for precision rf magnetometry based on this phenomenon. We could experimentally achieve an rf magnetic field sensitivity of 70 fT/Hz\mathrm{fT}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}fT/Hz​ at 1 kHz to 7.5 pT/Hz\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}pT/Hz​ at 3 MHz for zero bias field in an unshielded environment. The appealing features of the proposed rf magnetometer using our system include a high dynamic range up to 1012{10}^{12}1012, 6 dB bandwidth of 450 kHz, and arbitrary frequency resolution, which are intrinsic to the nonlinear ME effect in the medium.
Nonlinear magnetoelectric effect(NME) in alkali atomic vapor has applications in precision magnetometry in the radio-frequency domain. We report the application of the NME in alkali atomic vapors for projective measurement of medium-frequency (MF) magnetic fields in a circular basis with an extinction ratio up to 500:1 . Utilizing a longitudinal static magnetic field, we demonstrate a high-sensitivity technique for characterizing the ellipticity of radio-frequency (RF) magnetic fields which can in turn be used for phase sensitive detection in mid frequency communication. Additionally, we demonstrate the conversion of binary phase shift keyed RF magnetic fields into amplitude modulation of generated optical fields, a versatile receiver for communication using the medium frequency band.
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Nonlinear magneto-optical processes are a rich source of interesting and useful phenomena, with both practical and fundamental-physics applications. Theoretical modeling is helpful for understanding and visualizing the mechanisms for nonlinear magneto-optical effects (NMOE), and for analyzing and optimizing devices based on these effects. Part I of this Thesis describes Bloch-equation methods and visualization techniques that can be used to model a wide variety of NMOE in atomic vapors. Part II presents several applications of the methods, including the investigation and visualization of a specific effect involving radio-frequency fields, a study of the general consequences of hyperfine structure on NMOE, and modeling and optimization of systems for laser guide stars. Appendices present additional mathematical material and describe a Mathematica package used for density-matrix calculations.
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A longitudinal radio-frequency (rf) magnetic field resonating at the Larmor frequency along the $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{z}$ direction in the presence of a static transverse magnetic field s investigated. Optical-radio-frequency double resonance in 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb characterizes the strength of an external magnetic field through the precession frequency of 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb atoms. The measurements are carried out in a paraffin-coated 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb cell with a spin alignment configuration. An intriguing discovery of magnetic resonance peaks is observed at subharmonics of the Larmor frequency, accompanied by the emergence of nonlinear effects in the vicinity of the resonance. Notably, when the Larmor frequency reaches zero, the optical rotation signals induced by the rf magnetic field demonstrate a superposition of high-order harmonics of the rf frequency. Based on the simplified density matrix formalism and perturbation treatment, analytical expressions for the optical rotation are consistent with experimental outcomes. These findings hold the potential of extending our understanding on unveiling the dynamics of population and coherence among Zeeman sublevels, thereby advancing our knowledge in the field of alignment magnetometry.