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arXiv:2103.07163 · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology

Secure Outage Analysis of FSO Communications Over Arbitrarily Correlated Málaga Turbulence Channels

Yun Ai, Aashish Mathur, Long Kong, Michael Cheffena

Published Mar 17, 2021• 37 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the secrecy outage performance for more realistic eavesdropping scenario of free-space optical (FSO) communications, where the main and wiretap links are correlated. The FSO fading channels are modeled by the well-known Málaga distribution. Exact expressions for the secrecy performance metrics such as secrecy outage probability (SOP) and probability of the non zero secrecy capacity (PNZSC) are derived, and asymptotic analysis on the SOP is also conducted. The obtained results reveal useful insights on the effect of channel correlation on FSO communications. Counterintuitively, it is found that the secrecy outage performance demonstrates a non-monotonic behavior with the increase of correlation. More specifically, there is an SNR penalty for achieving a target SOP as the correlation increases within some range. However, when the correlation is further increased beyond some threshold, the SOP performance improves significantly.

DOI
10.1109/tvt.2021.3066219

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IEEE photonics journal•Feb 18, 2021•31 citations
In this paper, we analyze the secrecy outage performance for more realistic eavesdropping scenario of free-space optical (FSO) communications, where the main and wiretap links are correlated. The FSO fading channels are modeled by the well-known Málaga distribution. Exact expressions for the secrecy performance metrics such as secrecy outage probability (SOP) and probability of the non zero secrecy capacity (PNZSC) are derived, and asymptotic analysis on the SOP is also conducted. The obtained results reveal useful insights on the effect of channel correlation on FSO communications. Counterintuitively, it is found that the secrecy outage performance demonstrates a non-monotonic behavior with the increase of correlation. More specifically, there is an SNR penalty for achieving a target SOP as the correlation increases within some range. However, when the correlation is further increased beyond some threshold, the SOP performance improves significantly.
In this paper, we analyze the secrecy outage performance for more realistic eavesdropping scenario of free-space optical (FSO) communications, where the main and wiretap links are correlated. The FSO fading channels are modeled by the well-known Málaga distribution. Exact expressions for the secrecy performance metrics such as secrecy outage probability (SOP) and probability of the non zero secrecy capacity (PNZSC) are derived, and asymptotic analysis on the SOP is also conducted. The obtained results reveal useful insights on the effect of channel correlation on FSO communications. Counterintuitively, it is found that the secrecy outage performance demonstrates a non-monotonic behavior with the increase of correlation. More specifically, there is an SNR penalty for achieving a target SOP as the correlation increases within some range. However, when the correlation is further increased beyond some threshold, the SOP performance improves significantly.
In this article, we study the physical layer security of free-space optical (FSO) communications under different eavesdropping scenarios. More specifically, the secrecy performance of FSO communication employing intensity modulation/direct detection detection is analyzed for the well-established Málaga channels. Three different realistic scenarios of eavesdropping are considered by assuming different placement locations for the eavesdropper in the paper. Novel expressions for the average secrecy capacity (ASC) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) are derived for the considered scenarios, and useful insights are also provided through asymptotic analysis. The results show: (1) When the eavesdropper is placed near the transmitter, atmospheric condition imposes a less significant impact on secrecy performance; (2) Certain level of correlation can potentially enhance the secrecy performance for FSO communications; (3) The correlation imposes opposite impacts on the ASC and SOP of FSO communications; and the secrecy performance metrics exhibit a non-monotonic impact with the increase of correlation; (5) When the correlation of the FSO links is too small or too large (i.e., the correlation parameter around 0 or 1), the correlation plays a more significant impact on secrecy performance; and (6) The asymptotic slope of the SOP is 0.5 for all eavesdropping scenarios under practical FSO channels.
With the continued development of optical wireless communications, the security performance of free space optical (FSO) communications is the most crucial aspect that should receive significant attention. Despite the fact that FSO communications are considered more secure than radio frequency systems, their link performance degrades due to some environmental factors such as atmospheric turbulence, fog, and non-zero boresight pointing errors. The combined effect of these factors on the secrecy performance of FSO communication systems over the generalized Malaga- M fading channel is investigated in this paper. This work assumes a more realistic eavesdropping scenario in which both legitimate and unauthorized receivers are located on the same receiving plane. Secrecy outage probability and strictly positive secrecy capacity are expressed in exact closed-form expressions in this work. The results show that the FSO system has acceptable secrecy performance in moderate and light fog, with potential reach distances ranging from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to verify the numerical results.
In this paper, we numerically study the secrecy performance of the free-space optical (FSO) system by considering different eavesdropping scenarios. More precisely, we considered three possible eavesdropping scenarios for Eve : 1) Eve is between Alice and Bob ; 2) Eve and Bob are in the same receiving plane; 3) Eve is behind Bob . We adopt the Málaga ( M )-distribution channel to model atmospheric turbulence due to the presence of link blockage while considering the non-zero boresight pointing error and path loss. To do so, we obtain a novel probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) under different eavesdropping scenarios, based on which we derived the secrecy outage probability (SOP) analytical expressions as well as their asymptotic expressions at a high SNR regime. We verified the results using Monte Carlo simulations, which showed that the parameters related to atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors, as well as the location of the eavesdropper, have different effects on different eavesdropping scenarios.
In this paper, we analyze the physical layer security (PLS) performance of a free-space optical (FSO) communication system composed of a transmitting satellite and ground users. Specifically, the FSO fading channels follow the Malaga distribution. Further, we scrutinize the influence of non-zero boresight pointing errors and angle-of-arrival fluctuations on the PLS performance for the first time. We derived the probability density function and cumulative density function of the FSO link, followed by the closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC). The asymptotic SOP expression at the high signal-to-noise ratio regime and diversity order are also provided to reveal the physical mechanism of the PLS of the considered system. Finally, Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to verify the correctness of the analytical expressions. The results afford helpful insights for the future design of satellite FSO communication systems.
Impact of Correlation and Pointing Error on Secure Outage Performance Over Arbitrary Correlated Nakagami-mmm and M\mathcal {M}M-Turbulent Fading Mixed RF-FSO Channel
In Radio Frequency (RF)-Free Space Optical (FSO) mixed links, secrecy capacity (SC) can be improved by exploiting spatial diversity (i.e., antenna diversity) in the RF path. In addition to atmospheric turbulence and point error of the FSO link, antenna correlation in the RF link can significantly deteriorate the secrecy performance. In this paper, a secrecy rate of wiretap channels with a single source, relay, destination, and eavesdropper is analyzed under practical environments with the aforementioned impairments. The RF hop (source-to-relay) and the FSO hop (relay-to-destination) are modeled utilizing arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m and Málaga (M) distributions, respectively. The correlated signal branches of the RF hop are combined at the relay exploiting equal gain combining reception technique. We assume that the eavesdropper is capable of wiretapping via RF and FSO links separately. We derive novel closed-form expressions for secrecy outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) considering heterodyne detection (HD) and intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) techniques in order to examine the impact of atmospheric scintillation, pointing error, fading, and correlation on the system's secrecy performance. It is shown that the HD technique exhibits a better performance than an IM/DD technique. In addition, similar to the pointing error and turbulent fading, the correlation imposes a detrimental impact on SC. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are provided for validation of the derived expressions.