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arXiv:2102.07250 · Nature

Observation of Stark many-body localization without disorder

William Morong, Fangli Liu, Patrick Becker, K. S. Collins, Lei Feng, A. Kyprianidis, Guido Pagano, T. You, Alexey Vyacheslavovich Gorshkov, Christopher R. Monroe

Published Nov 17, 2021• 149 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41586-021-03988-0

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Many-body localization (MBL), a transportless phase in disordered interacting quantum systems, has recently been observed in systems without disorder but instead with a strong linear potential, a phenomenon known as Stark MBL. Here, the authors show how several experimental setups devised to study conventional MBL can also be used for Stark MBL, due to their almost identical phenomenologies. They then discuss Stark MBL as a possible experimental setting to explore Hilbert space fragmentation in systems with conserved dipole moment.
We investigate many-body localization of interacting spinless fermions in a one-dimensional disordered and tilted lattice. The fermions undergo energy-dependent transitions from ergodic to Stark many-body localization driven by the tilted potential, which are manifested by the appearance of mobility edges between delocalized states and Stark many-body localized states even when the disorder is weak. We can concretely diagnose these transitions rather than crossovers by finite-size scaling of energy-level statistics. Moreover, in the Stark many-body localization, the entanglement entropy obeys the area law scaling, in analogy to that in the conventional many-body localization.
Stark many-body localized (SMBL) systems have been shown both numerically and experimentally to have Bloch many-body oscillations, quantum many-body scars, and fragmentation in the large field tilt limit. Likewise, they are believed to show localization similar to disordered MBL. We explain and analytically prove all these observations by rigorously showing the existence of novel algebraic structures that are exponentially stable in time, which we call dynamical l-bits. Moreover, we show that many-body Bloch oscillations persist even at infinite temperature for exponentially long-times. We numerically confirm our results by studying the prototypical Stark MBL model of a tilted XXZ spin chain. Our work explains why thermalization was observed in a recent 2D tilted experiment. As dynamical l-bits are stable, localized and quantum coherent excitations, our work opens new possibilities for quantum information processing in Stark MBL systems.