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arXiv:2102.04961 · New Journal of Physics

Morphology of three-body quantum states from machine learning

David Huber, Oleksandr V. Marchukov, H.‐W. Hammer, Artem G. Volosniev

Published May 26, 2021• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract The relative motion of three impenetrable particles on a ring, in our case two identical fermions and one impurity, is isomorphic to a triangular quantum billiard. Depending on the ratio κ of the impurity and fermion masses, the billiards can be integrable or non-integrable (also referred to in the main text as chaotic). To set the stage, we first investigate the energy level distributions of the billiards as a function of 1/κ ∈ [0, 1] and find no evidence of integrable cases beyond the limiting values 1/κ = 1 and 1/κ = 0. Then, we use machine learning tools to analyze properties of probability distributions of individual quantum states. We find that convolutional neural networks can correctly classify integrable and non-integrable states. The decisive features of the wave functions are the normalization and a large number of zero elements, corresponding to the existence of a nodal line. The network achieves typical accuracies of 97%, suggesting that machine learning tools can be used to analyze and classify the morphology of probability densities obtained in theory or experiment.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/ac0576

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Abstract The relative motion of three impenetrable particles on a ring, in our case two identical fermions and one impurity, is isomorphic to a triangular quantum billiard. Depending on the ratio κ of the impurity and fermion masses, the billiards can be integrable or non-integrable (also referred to in the main text as chaotic). To set the stage, we first investigate the energy level distributions of the billiards as a function of 1/κ ∈ [0, 1] and find no evidence of integrable cases beyond the limiting values 1/κ = 1 and 1/κ = 0. Then, we use machine learning tools to analyze properties of probability distributions of individual quantum states. We find that convolutional neural networks can correctly classify integrable and non-integrable states. The decisive features of the wave functions are the normalization and a large number of zero elements, corresponding to the existence of a nodal line. The network achieves typical accuracies of 97%, suggesting that machine learning tools can be used to analyze and classify the morphology of probability densities obtained in theory or experiment.
The relative motion of three impenetrable particles on a ring, in our case two identical fermions and one impurity, is isomorphic to a triangular quantum billiard. Depending on the ratio κ of the impurity and fermion masses, the billiards can be integrable or non-integrable (also referred to in the main text as chaotic). To set the stage, we first investigate the energy level distributions of the billiards as a function of 1/κ ∈ [0, 1] and find no evidence of integrable cases beyond the limiting values 1/κ = 1 and 1/κ = 0. Then, we use machine learning tools to analyze properties of probability distributions of individual quantum states. We find that convolutional neural networks can correctly classify integrable and non-integrable states. The decisive features of thewave functions are the normalization and a large number of zero elements, corresponding to the existence of a nodal line. The network achieves typical accuracies of 97%, suggesting that machine learning tools can be used to analyze and classify the morphology of probability densities obtained in theory or experiment.
Understanding properties of quantum matter is an outstanding challenge in science. In this paper, we demonstrate how machine-learning methods can be successfully applied for the classification of various regimes in single-particle and many-body systems. We realize neural network algorithms that perform a classification between regular and chaotic behavior in quantum billiard models with remarkably high accuracy. We use the variational autoencoder for autosupervised classification of regular/chaotic wave functions, as well as demonstrating that autoencoders could be used as a tool for detection of anomalous quantum states, such as quantum scars. By taking this method further, we show that machine-learning techniques allow us to pin down the transition from integrability to many-body quantum chaos in Heisenberg XXZ spin chains. For both cases, we confirm the existence of universal W shapes that characterize the transition. Our results pave the way for exploring the power of machine-learning tools for revealing exotic phenomena in quantum many-body systems.
The study of integrable systems has led to significant advancements in our understanding of many-body physics. We design a series of numerical experiments to analyze the integrability of a mass-imbalanced two-body system through energy-level statistics and deep learning of wave functions. The level spacing distributions are fitted by a Brody distribution and the fitting parameter ω is found to separate the integrable and nonintegrable mass ratios by a critical line ω=0. The convolutional neural network built from the probability density images could identify the transition points between integrable and nonintegrable systems with high accuracy, yet in a much shorter computation time. A brilliant example of the network's ability is to identify a new integrable mass ratio 1/3 by learning from the known integrable case of equal mass, with a remarkable network confidence of 98.22%. The robustness of our neural networks is further enhanced by adversarial learning, where samples are generated by standard and quantum perturbations mixed in the probability density images and the wave functions, respectively.
Over the past few years, machine learning has emerged as a powerful computational tool to tackle complex problems in a broad range of scientific disciplines.In particular, artificial neural networks have been successfully used to mitigate the exponential complexity often encountered in quantum many-body physics, the study of properties of quantum systems built from a large number of interacting particles.In this article, we review some applications of neural networks in condensed matter physics and quantum information, with particular emphasis on hands-on tutorials serving as a quick start for a newcomer to the field.The prerequisites of this tutorial are basic probability theory and calculus, linear algebra, basic notions of neural networks, statistical physics, and quantum mechanics.The reader is introduced to supervised machine learning with convolutional neural networks to learn a phase transition, unsupervised learning with restricted Boltzmann machines to perform quantum tomography, and the variational Monte Carlo method with recurrent neural networks for approximating the ground state of a many-body Hamiltonian.For each algorithm, we briefly review the key ingredients and their corresponding neuralnetwork implementation, and show numerical experiments for a system of interacting Rydberg atoms in two dimensions.
Right triangular billiards are very simple systems that are completely integrable in classical mechanics for acute angle pairs (45 degrees,45 degrees ) and (30 degrees,60 degrees ). In quantum mechanics, the energy level spacing distribution of these billiards are neither Poisson-like nor Wigner-like. We use Bohm's formalism to calculate the trajectories, by numerical methods, for a particle inside these billiards. We use a linear combination of the first three energy states as the initial wave function. We show that a particle can have quasiperiodic or chaotic behavior, depending on its initial position in the billiards.