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arXiv:2101.05194 · Physical Review Applied

Magnetic-Field-Compatible Superconducting Transmon Qubit

A. Kringhøj, T. W. Larsen, Oscar Erlandsson, W. Uilhoorn, J.G. Kroll, M. Hesselberg, R.P.G. McNeil, Peter Krogstrup, L. Casparis, Charles M. Marcus, K.D. Petersson

Published May 3, 2021• 32 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Hybrid semiconductor-superconductor systems are an appealing platform for both fundamental studies in condensed matter physics and quantum technologies. The authors demonstrate coherent operation of a hybrid superconducting qubit in magnetic fields as strong as 1 T, with the rich qubit spectrum revealing the underlying Josephson physics of these systems. The results open several avenues for research on $e.g.$ robust Majorana transmon qubits, the probing of Andreev physics, and the coupling of superconducting qubits to spin qubits or spin ensembles.

DOI
10.1103/physrevapplied.15.054001

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Hybrid semiconductor-superconductor systems are an appealing platform for both fundamental studies in condensed matter physics and quantum technologies. The authors demonstrate coherent operation of a hybrid superconducting qubit in magnetic fields as strong as 1 T, with the rich qubit spectrum revealing the underlying Josephson physics of these systems. The results open several avenues for research on e.g.e.g.e.g. robust Majorana transmon qubits, the probing of Andreev physics, and the coupling of superconducting qubits to spin qubits or spin ensembles.
Following the demonstration of semiconductor-based Josephson junctions, which are fully tunable by electrical means, new routes have been opened for the study of hybrid semiconductor–superconductor qubits. These include semiconductor-based transmon qubits, single-spin Andreev qubits, and fault-tolerant topological qubits based on Majorana zero modes. In this perspective, we review recent progress in the path toward such hybrid qubit designs. After a short introduction and a brief digression about the historical roadmap that has led to the experimental state-of-the-art, the emphasis is placed on superconducting qubits based on semiconductor nanowires.
The technology of quantum computing is believed to solve certain computational problems significantly faster than classical computers, enabling classically inaccessible problems. However, the technology is still in its infancy and it is still too early to conclude which physical system(s) will form the basis of tomorrow's quantum computer. Small-scale quantum processors, built on the superconducting transmon qubit, demonstrated already the anticipated quantum speed-up. Despite this tremendous milestone, scaling up to a full-fledged quantum computer is far from trivial: with these qubits, the flux-control causes crosstalk between qubits and heating, the room-temperature microwave control is hardly scalable and comes with high energetic radiation, and most importantly, the loss of quantum information in time leads to computational errors. Recent advances in various hybrid semiconductor materials enabled novel voltage-controlled transmons, gatemons, which are less susceptible to heating and crosstalk. Even more exciting, gatemons can be designed to host Majorana zero modes in a way that renders the qubit inherently protected against decoherence. In order to induce Majorana zero modes in such nanowire systems strong magnetic fields are required. Problematically, magnetic fields destroy the superconductivity that these microwave circuits rely on. In this thesis we integrate three types of hybrid Josephson junctions in magnetic field compatible microwave devices. Chapter 4 demonstrates the first graphene-based transmon. Due to the mono-atomic thickness of graphene in combination with magnetic field resilient coplanar waveguide resonators, we are able to operate the transmon circuit at an in-plane magnetic field of 1 Tesla. Chapter 5 embeds an InAs-Al semiconducting nanowire Josephson junction in a high quality factor superconducting transmission line resonator, demonstrating on-chip microwave generation. The gate-controllable semiconducting platform lends itself for fast pulse control, providing a perspective for the coherent on-chip manipulation of artificial two-level systems, in particular superconducting qubits such as transmons. Chapter 6 continues the development of InAs-Al nanowire transmons. The offset-charge-sensitive regime, additional plunger gates and magnetic field compatibility prepares the platform for the detection of coherent coupling between Majorana zero modes, a phenomena which unfortunately still remains unobserved. Additionally, we realise the first InSb-Al gatemon. The higher spin-orbit coupling makes InSb to be a preferred material in the search for Majorana signatures. Chapter 7 reports on the dynamics of quasiparticle tunneling events in real-time across the InAs-Al nanowire junction in a transmon architecture. The magnetic field compatibility of our device up to 1 Tesla together with in-situ voltage-controlled quasiparticle trap engineering, allows us to measure the survival of the charge-parity lifetime up to strong magnetic fields. A result which is extremely important in the research field of topological quantum computing, where the qubit space is defined in the charge-parity.
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A practical quantum computer demands a physical quantum bit (qubit) that is scalable, has a well-defined initial state, and brings together coherence with reliable control and read-out. A compelling idea is to put together a locally protected Majorana qubit with a superconducting qubit. The superconducting qubit is used to read out the Majorana states while the Majorana qubit may act as a quantum memory. This thesis presents a series of studies on quantum transport in semiconducting nanowires coupled to superconductors to investigate various platforms for realizing Majorana. These studies are followed by microwave measurements on superconducting circuits compatible with semiconducting-superconducting heterostructures. We first evaluate the potential of Ge/Si core/shell nanowires by achieving induced superconductivity as well as estimating spin-orbit coupling. Next we explore the transport mediated by Andreev bound states formed in InSb nanowire quantum. A subgap negative differential conductance is investigated together with the coalescing Andreev resonances at zero bias relevant for the correct interpretation of Majorana experiments done on the same structures. We conclude our studies of semiconducting nanowires by exploring tunnel junctions in Sn-InSb nanowires that are prepared by in-situ shadowing using nearby nanowires and flakes. Tin shells are found to induce a hard superconducting gap persisting up to high magnetic fields. We observe the two-electron charging effect from a small superconducting island of Sn-InSb. This effect is attributed to charge parity stability, which makes this nanowire system an intriguing candidate for superconducting and topological quantum circuits. These Sn-InSb junctions are then used as the nonlinear element in a transmon qubit design where we observe a dispersive coupling between this nanowire Josephson junction and a superconducting resonator. We also present our progress towards building a magnetic field resilient superconducting circuit that allows integration with semiconducting and topological structures. In the last chapter, InSb semiconducting nanowires are utilized as shadow masks prior to superconductor deposition on an InAs quantum well. We study Josephson current properties in Josephson junctions made from these nanowire shadows. Our results point to highly transparent junctions that can be developed further for hybrid superconductor-semiconductor qubit systems.
Hybrid superconducting circuits have been used to investigate mesoscopic superconductivity, but mostly just at low magnetic fields, as typical Al-based circuits are incompatible with magnetic fields, and superconducting circuits are sensitive to external magnetic flux noise. To overcome these challenges, the authors build a hybrid fluxonium system composed of (Nb,Ti)N, with a gradiometric design. They observe the spectrum of the hybrid fluxonium in fields of up to 1T, and probe the ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{0}$ Josephson effect. These results enable future exploration of topological superconductivity, as well as readout of long-lifetime spin-polarized qubits using superconducting circuitry.