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arXiv:2012.07590 · Classical and Quantum Gravity

Quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping with long baseline in outer space

Shih-Yuin Lin, B. L. Hu

Published Jul 1, 2021• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Quantum information (QI) experiments applying quantum optics in outer space with a very long baseline may have advantages over the current Earth-bound experiments or the Earth-to-satellite experiments, because they can minimize the loss in light transmission and maximize the gain in time resolution. This future class of experiments, among them quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping, can shed light on many fundamental theoretical issues in gravitational quantum physics and relativistic QI. Regarding relativity theory, these experiments in an outer-space setting can involve observations at spacelike and timelike separations and explicate intriguing phenomena from different choices of time-slicing. Regarding QI, they may be able to ensure the causal independence of the expectation values in the Bell test. These issues are addressed in this paper with analysis and explanations.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6382/ac1080

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Quantum physics experiments in space using entangled photons and satellites are within reach of current technology. We propose a series of fundamental quantum physics experiments that make advantageous use of the space infrastructure with specific emphasis on the satellite-based distribution of entangled photon pairs. The experiments are feasible already today and will eventually lead to a Bell-experiment over thousands of kilometers, thus demonstrating quantum correlations over distances which cannot be achieved by purely earth-bound experiments.
In the field of quantum communication the teleportation1 of single quanta plays a fundamental role in numerous quantum information-processing protocols. Quantum teleportation allows to faithfully transfer unknown quantum states over arbitrary distances and constitutes a method to circumvent the no-cloning theorem2. Even formally completely independent particles can become entangled via the process of entanglement swapping3. In a future quantum communication network4 this will be of utmost importance, enabling quantum computers to become globally interconnected. In order to prove the feasibility of quantum teleportation under optical link attenuations that will arise in a future space-application scenario, we extended the communication distance to 143 km, employing an optical free-space link between the two Canary Islands of La Palma and Tenerife. This work proofs the feasibility of ground-based freespace quantum teleportation. With our setup we were able to achieve coincidence production rates and fidelities to cope with the optical link attenuation, resulting from various experimental and technical challenges, which will arise in a quantum transmission between a ground-based transmitter and a low-earth-orbiting satellite receiver5. In our experiment we gained an average state fidelity for the teleported quantum states of more than 6 standard deviations beyond the classical limit of 2/3 and a process fidelity of 0.710(42). We expect that many of the features implemented in this experiment will be key blocks for future investigations.
Quantum entanglement represents one of the most profound and counterintuitive phenomena in modern physics, fundamentally challenging classical notions of locality, causality, and separability. This comprehensive review examines the theoretical foundations of quantum entanglement, tracing its conceptual development from Einstein's critique of quantum mechanics through Bell's theorem to contemporary experimental verification. The paper synthesizes current understanding of entanglement's mathematical formalism, its role in violating Bell inequalities, and the resolution of the EPR paradox. Extensive discussion is devoted to landmark experiments that have conclusively demonstrated non-local correlations, including photon polarization studies, satellite-based quantum communication, and loophole-free Bell tests. The work further explores emerging technological applications in quantum cryptography, quantum computing, and quantum teleportation, while addressing fundamental questions regarding the nature of reality, information, and the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Finally, the paper examines open questions and speculative frameworks suggesting that entanglement may represent a foundational principle underlying spacetime geometry itself. Video documentation of this analysis is available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDGKuXYRPpI.
The focus of this work is discussing the realization of space based experiments testing quantum mechanics, specifically quantum optics. The main experimental work is the practical realization of the earthbound part of a possible interferometric experiment that can be realized with a delayed-choice operational mode. The full Earth-satellite realization of this experimental scheme could set a new record on the distance to which delayed-choice schemes have been experimentally realized. General relativistic effects on Earth-satellite experiments is also discussed, in the case of two different setups. One of those is essentially the ground-space implementation of the interferometer realized in the laboratory, while the other represents a different possibility that could in principle measure gravitational redshift to single photons to greater extent. Which-path behavior and interference were observed to a very good degree on the interferometer realized in the lab. Specifically, the assessment of interference visibility, which was done after careful alignement of the setup, yields a value of approximately 95%, and a comparable value of approx 93% was obtained with an alternative setup which was also experimentally realized in the laboratory. As far as theoretical computations are concerned, a good formalism to deal with space-based interferometric measurements was pointed out, which allows to take into account both special relativistic contributes and general relativistic corrections to the amplitude describing the photons involved with this kind of experiments. Two different setups, which are candidates for the measurement of single photon gravitational redshift, were analyzed with this formalism. The setup with one interferometer on the ground and the other on the satellite, in principle, constitutes a good way to observe this effect by means of a phase measurement, to the first order in the gravitational potentials.
Abstract One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the entanglement of two or more distance particles. The “ghost” interference and the “ghost” image experiments demonstrated the astonishing nonlocal behavior of an entangled photon pair. Even though we still have questions in regard to fundamental issues of the entangled quantum systems, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in quantum information and quantum computation. Quantum teleportation is one of the hot topics. We have demonstrated a quantum teleportation experiment recently. The experimental results proved the working principle of irreversibly teleporting an unknown arbitrary quantum state from one system to another distant system by disassembling into and then later reconstructing from purely classical information and nonclassical EPR correlations. The distinct feature of this experiment is that the complete set of Bell states can be distinguished in the Bell state measurement. Teleportation of a quantum state can thus occur with certainty in principle.