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arXiv:2012.02774

Engineering photon statistics in a spinor polariton condensate

Stepan Baryshev, Anton V. Zasedatelev, Helgi Sigurðsson, Ivan Gnusov, Julian D. Töpfer, Alexis Askitopoulos, Pavlos G. Lagoudakis

Published Dec 4, 2020• 0 citations
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Abstract

We implement full polarization tomography on the photon correlations in a spinor exciton-polariton condensate. Our measurements reveal condensate pseudospin mean-field dynamics spanning from stochastic switching between linear polarization components, limit cycles, and stable fixed points, and their intrinsic relation to the condensate photon statistics. We optically harness the cavity birefringence, polariton interactions, and the optical orientation of the photoexcited exciton background to engineer photon statistics with precise control. Our results demonstrate a smooth transition from a highly coherent to a super-thermal state of the condensate polarization components.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2012.02774

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We implement full polarization tomography on the photon correlations in a spinor exciton-polariton condensate. Our measurements reveal condensate pseudospin mean-field dynamics spanning from stochastic switching between linear polarization components, limit cycles, and stable fixed points, and their intrinsic relation to the condensate photon statistics. We optically harness the cavity birefringence, polariton interactions, and the optical orientation of the photoexcited exciton background to engineer photon statistics with precise control. Our results demonstrate a smooth transition from a highly coherent to a super-thermal state of the condensate polarization components.
We implement full polarization tomography on photon correlations in a spinor exciton-polariton condensate. Our measurements reveal condensate pseudospin mean-field dynamics spanning from stochastic switching between linear polarization components, limit cycles, and stable fixed points, and their intrinsic relation to the condensate photon statistics. We optically harness the cavity birefringence, polariton interactions, and the optical orientation of an incoherent exciton reservoir to engineer photon statistics with precise control. Our results demonstrate a smooth transition from a highly coherent to a super-thermal state of the condensate polarization components.
A full quantum theory beyond the mean-field regime is developed for an exciton-polariton condensate, for a complete understanding of quantum fluctuations. We find an analytical solution for the polariton density matrix, showing the nonlinearity causing fast relaxation correlated with the pump so as to yield the quantum condensation above threshold. Increasing the pump intensity, a nonequilibrium phase transition towards the condensation of the lower polaritons emerges, with a statistics transiting from a thermal, through a super-Poissonian, and towards a nonclassical distribution; the latter two possess off-diagonal long-range order but the last one is beyond. The results signify the role of dark states for polariton fluctuations, and lead to a nonclassical counting statistics of emitted photons, which elaborates the role of the key parameters, e.g., pump, detuning, and temperature.
Polariton condensates provide a versatile platform for exploring non-equilibrium phase transitions and collective phenomena in open quantum systems. Near the condensation threshold, these systems are particularly sensitive to fluctuations and instabilities, yet how these dynamics govern the initial formation of the condensate remains poorly understood. To address this, we directly access the photon statistics and second-order correlation function g (2) (0) of the condensate by using optical trapping and homodyne detection. We show that polariton condensation near the threshold is not a purely static transition, but instead undergoes a dynamical regime characterized by stochastic hopping between condensed and non-condensed states. These intermittent dynamics are accompanied by a gradual reduction of g (2) (0) toward unity, revealing the progressive build-up of coherence even in the presence of strong temporal fluctuations. Numerical simulations, based on a stochastic truncated Wigner description of the driven-dissipative polariton field, reproduce these dynamics and capture the essential role of noise and reservoir interactions. This work demonstrates that the observed temporal hopping is an intrinsic feature of polariton condensation, challenging traditional static descriptions of phase transitions and offering a framework for controlling noise and coherence in driven-dissipative quantum technologies.
We measure the full photon-number distribution emitted from a Bose condensate of microcavity exciton polaritons confined in a micropillar cavity. The statistics are acquired by means of a photon-number-resolving transition edge sensor. We directly observe that the photon-number distribution evolves with the nonresonant optical excitation power from geometric to quasi-Poissonian statistics, which is canonical for a transition from a thermal to a coherent state. Moreover, the photon-number distribution allows one to evaluate the higher-order photon correlations, shedding further light on the coherence formation and phase transition of the polariton condensate. The experimental data are analyzed in terms of thermal-coherent states, which gives direct access to the thermal and coherent fraction from the measured distributions. These results pave the way for a full understanding of the contribution of interactions in light-matter condensates in the coherence buildup at threshold.
Polariton condensates provide a versatile platform for exploring non-equilibrium phase transitions and collective phenomena in open quantum systems. Near the condensation threshold, these systems are particularly sensitive to fluctuations and instabilities, which can strongly influence the condensate formation. Using optical trapping and homodyne detection, we directly access the photon statistics and second-order correlation function g(2)(0)g^{(2)}(0)g(2)(0) of the condensate. We show that polariton condensation near the threshold is not a purely static transition, but instead undergoes a dynamical regime characterized by stochastic hopping between condensed and non-condensed states. These intermittent dynamics are accompanied by a gradual reduction of g(2)(0)g^{(2)}(0)g(2)(0) towards unity, revealing the progressive build-up of coherence even in the presence of strong temporal fluctuations. Numerical simulations, based on a stochastic Truncated Wigner description of the driven-dissipative polariton field, reproduce these dynamics and capture the essential role of noise and reservoir interactions. This work demonstrates that the observed temporal hopping is an intrinsic feature of polariton condensation, providing a dynamical perspective that goes beyond static descriptions of the condensation phase transition.
A full quantum theory beyond the mean-field regime is developed for an exciton polariton condensate, to gain a complete understanding of quantum fluctuations. We find analytical solution for the polariton density matrix, showing the polariton nonlinearity causing fast relaxation correlated with the pump so as to yield the condensation at threshold. Increasing the pump intensity, a nonequilibrium phase transition towards the condensation of lower polaritons emerges, with a statistics transiting from a thermal, through a super-Poissonian and to a nonclassical distribution beyond the understanding at the level of off-diagonal long-range order. The results signify the role of dark states for polariton fluctuations, and lead to a nonclassical counting statistics of emitted photons, which elaborates the role of the key parameters, e.g., pump, detuning and temperature.