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arXiv:2010.13014 · Physical Review Research

Reliable experimental certification of one-way Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering

Qiang Zeng, Jiangwei Shang, H. Chau Nguyen, Xiangdong Zhang

Published Feb 22, 2022• 19 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum steering is a recently defined form of quantum correlation which lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In contrast to other types of quantum correlations, quantum steering is inherently asymmetric, which implies that it could manifest in one direction but not in the opposite direction. This rather peculiar phenomenon, known as one-way steering, has been demonstrated in several experiments, but subtlety remains. In fact, all experiments were shown to be ambiguous until a very recent conclusive one, which, however, made crucial use of a high-dimensional embedding to get around assumptions. This leaves the question open of whether the one-way steering phenomenon can be reliably demonstrated in the genuine two-qubit system. Here, we report such an experimental demonstration of one-way steering for a family of two-qubit states. Our experimental setup and results thus resolve the subtlety caused by fidelity assumption in previous experiments without the need for higher dimensional embedding. Moreover, our work provides a universal method to characterize one-way steering phenomenon for generic two-qubit states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.4.013151

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Quantum steering is a recently defined form of quantum correlation which lies at the heart of quantum mechanics. In contrast to other types of quantum correlations, quantum steering is inherently asymmetric, which implies that it could manifest in one direction but not in the opposite direction. This rather peculiar phenomenon, known as one-way steering, has been demonstrated in several experiments, but subtlety remains. In fact, all experiments were shown to be ambiguous until a very recent conclusive one, which, however, made crucial use of a high-dimensional embedding to get around assumptions. This leaves the question open of whether the one-way steering phenomenon can be reliably demonstrated in the genuine two-qubit system. Here, we report such an experimental demonstration of one-way steering for a family of two-qubit states. Our experimental setup and results thus resolve the subtlety caused by fidelity assumption in previous experiments without the need for higher dimensional embedding. Moreover, our work provides a universal method to characterize one-way steering phenomenon for generic two-qubit states.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is a quantum phenomenon wherein one party influences, or steers, the state of a distant party's particle beyond what could be achieved with a separable state, by making measurements on one-half of an entangled state. This type of quantum nonlocality stands out through its asymmetric setting and even allows for cases where one party can steer the other but where the reverse is not true. A series of experiments have demonstrated one-way steering in the past, but all were based on significant limiting assumptions. These consisted either of restrictions on the type of allowed measurements or of assumptions about the quantum state at hand, by mapping to a specific family of states and analyzing the ideal target state rather than the real experimental state. Here, we present the first experimental demonstration of one-way steering free of such assumptions. We achieve this using a new sufficient condition for nonsteerability and, although not required by our analysis, using a novel source of extremely high-quality photonic Werner states.
Within the hierarchy of inseparable quantum correlations, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is distinguished from both entanglement and Bell nonlocality by its asymmetry-there exist conditions where the steering phenomenon changes from being observable to not observable, simply by exchanging the role of the two measuring parties. While this one-way steering feature has been previously demonstrated for the restricted class of Gaussian measurements, for the general case of positive-operator-valued measures even its theoretical existence has only recently been settled. Here, we prove, and then experimentally observe, the one-way steerability of an experimentally practical class of entangled states in this general setting. As well as its foundational significance, the demonstration of fundamentally asymmetric nonlocality also has practical implications for the distribution of the trust in quantum communication networks.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering, a distinctive quantum correlation, reveals a unique and inherent asymmetry. This research delves into the multifaceted asymmetry of EPR steering within high-dimensional quantum systems, exploring both theoretical frameworks and experimental validations. We introduce the concept of genuine high-dimensional one-way steering, wherein a high Schmidt number of bipartite quantum states is demonstrable in one steering direction but not reciprocally. Additionally, we explore two criteria to certify the lower and upper bounds of the Schmidt number within a one-sided device-independent context. These criteria serve as tools for identifying potential asymmetric dimensionality of EPR steering in both directions. By preparing two-qutrit mixed states with high fidelity, we experimentally observe asymmetric structures of EPR steering in the C^{3}⊗C^{3} Hilbert space. Our Letter offers new perspectives to understand the asymmetric EPR steering beyond qubits and has potential applications in asymmetric high-dimensional quantum information tasks.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering describes the ability of one party to remotely affect another's state through local measurements. One of the most distinguishable properties of EPR steering is its asymmetric aspect. Steering can work in one direction but fail in the opposite direction. This type of one-way steering, which is different from the symmetry concepts of entanglement and Bell nonlocality, has garnered much interest. However, an experimental demonstration of genuine one-way EPR steering in the simplest scenario, i.e., one that employs two-qubit systems, is still lacking. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate one-way EPR steering with multimeasurement settings for a class of two-qubit states, which are still one-way steerable even with infinite settings. The steerability is quantified by the steering radius, which represents a necessary and sufficient steering criterion. The demonstrated one-way steering in the simplest bipartite quantum system is of fundamental interest and may provide potential applications in one-way quantum information tasks.
Quantum steering has been exploited as an important resource in modern quantum information processing. Owing to its directional nature, some quantum states that are asymmetric under the exchange of parties have been found to manifest steering only in a specific direction, thus called one-way steering. Existing works focused on one-way steering in systems of qubits. Here we propose a family of two-party states that are one-way steerable in systems of ddd dimensions. In particular, we validate the one-way steerability of the states for d=3d=3d=3, and demonstrate how one-way steering parameter space manifests in a two-qutrit system. A general numerical approach for characterizing higher-dimensional one-way steering is provided. Moreover, we develop a method to characterize one-way steering with the experimental loss taken into account, with which the trade-off relation between losses and measurement settings in a steering test in higher-dimensional system is investigated. Our loss-counted model works for finite-dimensional systems with finite measurement settings.
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is a form of quantum nonlocality exhibiting an inherent asymmetry between the observers, Alice and Bob. A natural question is then whether there exist entangled states which are one-way steerable, that is, Alice can steer Bob's state, but it is impossible for Bob to steer the state of Alice. So far, such a phenomenon has been demonstrated for continuous variable systems, but with a strong restriction on allowed measurements, namely, considering only Gaussian measurements. Here we present a simple class of entangled two-qubit states which are one-way steerable, considering arbitrary projective measurements. This shows that the nonlocal properties of entangled states can be fundamentally asymmetrical.