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arXiv:2009.08554 · Communications Materials

Long-distance coupling and energy transfer between exciton states in magnetically controlled microcavities

Maciej Ściesiek, Krzysztof Sawicki, W. Pacuski, Kamil Sobczak, T. Kazimierczuk, A. Golnik, J. Suffczyński

Published Oct 30, 2020• 23 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Coupling of quantum emitters in a semiconductor relies, generally, on short-range dipole-dipole or electronic exchange type interactions. Consistently, energy transfer between exciton states, that is, electron-hole pairs bound by Coulomb interaction, is limited to distances of the order of 10 nm. Here, we demonstrate polariton-mediated coupling and energy transfer between excitonic states over a distance exceeding 2 μm. We accomplish this by coupling quantum well-confined excitons through the delocalized mode of two coupled optical microcavities. Use of magnetically doped quantum wells enables us to tune the confined exciton energy by the magnetic field and in this way to control the spatial direction of the transfer. Such controlled, long-distance interaction between coherently coupled quantum emitters opens possibilities of a scalable implementation of quantum networks and quantum simulators based on solid-state, multi-cavity systems.

DOI
10.1038/s43246-020-00079-x

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Abstract Coupling of quantum emitters in a semiconductor relies, generally, on short-range dipole-dipole or electronic exchange type interactions. Consistently, energy transfer between exciton states, that is, electron-hole pairs bound by Coulomb interaction, is limited to distances of the order of 10 nm. Here, we demonstrate polariton-mediated coupling and energy transfer between excitonic states over a distance exceeding 2 μm. We accomplish this by coupling quantum well-confined excitons through the delocalized mode of two coupled optical microcavities. Use of magnetically doped quantum wells enables us to tune the confined exciton energy by the magnetic field and in this way to control the spatial direction of the transfer. Such controlled, long-distance interaction between coherently coupled quantum emitters opens possibilities of a scalable implementation of quantum networks and quantum simulators based on solid-state, multi-cavity systems.
Controlled non-local energy and coherence transfer enables light harvesting in photosynthesis and non-local logical operations in quantum computing. This process is intuitively pictured by a pair of mechanical oscillators, coupled by a spring, allowing for a reversible exchange of excitation. On a microscopic level, the most relevant mechanism of coherent coupling of distant quantum bits—like trapped ions, superconducting qubits or excitons confined in semiconductor quantum dots—is coupling via the electromagnetic field. Here we demonstrate the controlled coherent coupling of spatially separated quantum dots via the photon mode of a solid state microresonator using the strong exciton–photon coupling regime. This is enabled by two-dimensional spectroscopy of the sample’s coherent response, a sensitive probe of the coherent coupling. The results are quantitatively understood in a rigorous description of the cavity-mediated coupling of the quantum dot excitons. This mechanism can be used, for instance in photonic crystal cavity networks, to enable a long-range, non-local coherent coupling. Controlling coupling between distant quantum objects is important for implementation of quantum technologies. Providing an important step towards using semiconductor structures for hosting optically controlled qubits, this work shows coherent coupling between three quantum dot excitons via a cavity.
The rate of energy transfer in donor-acceptor systems can be manipulated via the common interaction with the confined electromagnetic modes of a micro-cavity. We analyze the competition between the near-field short range dipole-dipole energy exchange processes and the cavity mediated long-range interactions in a simplified model consisting of effective two-level quantum emitters that could be relevant for molecules in experiments under cryogenic conditions. We find that free-space collective incoherent interactions, typically associated with sub-and superradiance, can modify the traditional resonant energy transfer scaling with distance. The same holds true for cavity-mediated collective incoherent interactions in a weak-coupling but strong-cooperativity regime. In the strong coupling regime, we elucidate the effect of pumping into cavity polaritons and analytically identify an optimal energy flow regime characterized by equal donor/acceptor Hopfield coefficients in the middle polariton. Finally we quantify the build-up of quantum correlations in the donor-acceptor system via the two-qubit concurrence as a measure of entanglement.
The rate of energy transfer in donor-acceptor systems can be manipulated via the common interaction with the confined electromagnetic modes of a micro-cavity. We analyze the competition between the near-field short range dipole-dipole energy exchange processes and the cavity mediated long-range interactions in a simplified model consisting of effective two-level quantum emitters that could be relevant for molecules in experiments under cryogenic conditions. We find that free-space collective incoherent interactions, typically associated with sub- and superradiance, can modify the traditional resonant energy transfer scaling with distance. The same holds true for cavity-mediated collective incoherent interactions in a weak-coupling but strong-cooperativity regime. In the strong coupling regime, we elucidate the effect of pumping into cavity polaritons and analytically identify an optimal energy flow regime characterized by equal donor/acceptor Hopfield coefficients in the middle polariton. Finally we quantify the build-up of quantum correlations in the donor-acceptor system via the two-qubit concurrence as a measure of entanglement.
We study the quantum-well magnetoexcitons by the variational method in the strong coupling regime of excitons with microcavity photons. In such strong coupling regime, we find that the coupling between the exciton internal state and center of mass motion can be neglected. Through the calculations, we find that the magnetic field can reduce the exciton exchange interaction to 30% as Lw=30 nm with Lw being the quantum well width. This is in contrast to the magnetic-field enhancement in the exciton Rabi splitting. In this work, we obtain that a magnetic field can enhance the exciton Rabi splitting up to 1.6 times in the case of Lw=30 nm. They both originate from the local enhancement in the exciton internal state due to the magnetic field. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the magnetic response of the exciton energy, Rabi splitting, and exchange interaction in manipulating the polariton parametric scattering, and widening the microcavity applications.
We theoretically predict the interaction between polaritonic excitations arising from the coupling of a cavity photon mode with bound to continuum intersubband transitions in a doped quantum well. The resulting exciton bound by photon exchange, recently demonstrated experimentally, exhibits a binding energy that can be continuously tuned by varying the cavity frequency. We show that polariton-polariton interactions, originating from both Coulomb interactions and Pauli blocking, can be dramatically enhanced by reducing the exciton binding energy, thereby increasing the effective Bohr radius along the growth direction. This regime is reminiscent of Rydberg atoms, where weak binding leads to strong quantum interactions. Our predictions indicate that this physics can give rise to giant quantum optical nonlinearities in the mid and far infrared, a spectral region that remains largely unexplored in quantum optics and offers exciting opportunities for both fundamental studies and applications.
We describe how magnetic fields can be exploited to control dipole-induced transparency in quantum dot cavity systems. Coupling a linearly-polarized microcavity mode to two spin charged exciton states of a single quantum dot, we demonstrate how cavity-mediated interference and magnetic-field resonance shifts can be utilized to control the transmission of light and on-chip photons, in both magnitude and phase. In particular, we show a triple resonance feature, which also survives with weakly coupled cavities, as long as one operates in the good cooperativity regime. The central peak, which is mediated by the applied magnetic field, is shown to exhibit spectral squeezing. We also demonstrate how the magnetic field allows five regions in which the phase changes by 2π over a small frequency window, where a possible phase gate could be implemented.