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arXiv:2007.08289 · Physical Review A

Multiphoton pulses interacting with multiple emitters in a one-dimensional waveguide

Zeyang Liao, Yunning Lu, Muhammad Suhail Zubairy

Published Nov 3, 2020• 26 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We derive a generalized master equation for multiphoton pulses interacting with multiple emitters in a waveguide-quantum electrodynamics system where the emitter frequency can be modulated and the effects of nonguided modes can also be considered. Based on this theory, we can calculate the real-time dynamics of an array of interacting emitters driven by an incident photon pulse which can be vacuum, a coherent state, a Fock state, or their superpositions. Moreover, we also derive generalized input-output relations to calculate the reflectivity and transmissivity of this system. We can also calculate the output photon pulse shapes. Our theory can find important applications in the study of waveguide-based quantum systems.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.102.053702

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We derive a generalized master equation for multiphoton pulses interacting with multiple emitters in a waveguide-quantum electrodynamics system where the emitter frequency can be modulated and the effects of nonguided modes can also be considered. Based on this theory, we can calculate the real-time dynamics of an array of interacting emitters driven by an incident photon pulse which can be vacuum, a coherent state, a Fock state, or their superpositions. Moreover, we also derive generalized input-output relations to calculate the reflectivity and transmissivity of this system. We can also calculate the output photon pulse shapes. Our theory can find important applications in the study of waveguide-based quantum systems.
We develop a general dynamical theory for studying a single-photon transport in a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide coupled to multiple emitters which can be either identical or nonidentical. In this theory, both the effects of the waveguide and non-waveguide vacuum modes are included. This theory enables us to investigate the propagation of an emitter excitation or an arbitrary single-photon pulse along an array of emitters coupled to a 1D waveguide. The dipole-dipole interaction induced by the non-waveguide modes, which is usually neglected in the literature, can significantly modify the dynamics of the emitter system as well as the characteristics of the output field if the emitter separation is much smaller than the resonance wavelength. Nonidentical emitters can also strongly couple to each other if their energy difference is less than or of the order of the dipole-dipole energy shift. Interestingly, if their energy difference is close but nonzero, a very narrow transparency window around the resonance frequency can appear which does not occur for identical emitters. This phenomenon may find important applications in quantum waveguide devices such as optical switches and ultranarrow single-photon frequency comb generator.
Abstract The waveguide quantum electrodynamics (QED) system may have important applications in quantum device and quantum information technology. In this article we review the methods being proposed to calculate photon transport in a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide coupled to quantum emitters. We first introduce the Bethe ansatz approach and the input–output formalism to calculate the stationary results of a single photon transport. Then we present a dynamical time-dependent theory to calculate the real-time evolution of the waveguide QED system. In the longtime limit, both the stationary theory and the dynamical calculation give the same results. Finally, we also briefly discuss the calculations of the multiphoton transport problems.
We study the dynamics of a single-photon pulse traveling through a linear atomic chain coupled to a one-dimensional (1D) single mode photonic waveguide. We derive a time-dependent dynamical theory for this collective many-body system which allows us to study the real time evolution of the photon transport and the atomic excitations. Our analytical result is consistent with previous numerical calculations when there is only one atom. For an atomic chain, the collective interaction between the atoms mediated by the waveguide mode can significantly change the dynamics of the system. The reflectivity of a photon can be tuned by changing the ratio of coupling strength and the photon linewidth or by changing the number of atoms in the chain. The reflectivity of a single-photon pulse with finite bandwidth can even approach 100100%100. The spectrum of the reflected and transmitted photon can also be significantly different from the single-atom case. Many interesting physical phenomena can occur in this system such as the photonic band-gap effects, quantum entanglement generation, Fano-like interference, and superradiant effects. For engineering, this system may serve as a single-photon frequency filter, single-photon modulation, and may find important applications in quantum information.
We study the dynamics of a general multiemitter system coupled to the squeezed vacuum reservoir and derive a master equation for this system based on the Weisskopf-Wigner approximation. In this theory, we include the effect of positions of the squeezing sources which is usually neglected in the previous studies. We apply this theory to a quasi-one-dimensional waveguide case where the squeezing in one dimension is experimentally achievable. We show that while dipole-dipole interaction induced by ordinary vacuum depends on the emitter separation, the two-photon process due to the squeezed vacuum depends on the positions of the emitters with respect to the squeezing sources. The dephasing rate, decay rate, and the resonance fluorescence of the waveguide-QED in the squeezed vacuum are controllable by changing the positions of emitters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the stationary maximum entangled NOON state for identical emitters can be reached with arbitrary initial state when the center-of-mass position of the emitters satisfies certain conditions.
We study the dynamics of a single-photon pulse travelling through a linear qubit chain coupled to continuum modes in a one-dimensional (1D) photonic waveguide. We derive a time-dependent dynamical theory for qubit amplitudes and for transmitted and reflected spectra. We show that the requirement for the photon-qubit coupling to exist only for positive frequencies can significantly change the dynamics of the system. First, it leads to an additional photon-mediated dipole-dipole interaction between qubits which results in the violation of the phase coherence between them. Second, the spectral lines of transmitted and reflected spectra crucially depend on the shape of the incident pulse and the initial distance between the pulse center and the first qubit in the chain. We apply our theory to one-qubit and two-qubit systems. For these two cases, we obtain the explicit expressions for the qubits' amplitudes and the photon radiation spectra as time tends to infinity. For the incident Gaussian wave packet we calculate the line shapes of transmitted and reflected photons.
We present a quantum dynamical study of pulsed few-photon scattering from a single artificial atom, consisting of a two-level system (TLS) or qubit, in a waveguide QED system, directly comparing and contrasting two different quantum theoretical simulation methods: (i) an input-output scattering approach that uses frequency-dependent scattering matrices, and (ii) a matrix product states (MPS) approach, which uses quantum noise operators in time bins and a tensor network technique to solve the time-dependent waveguide function for the entire system. Beginning with pulsed excitation using one-photon and two-photon Fock state pulses, we first show how to compute time-dependent observables with the scattering matrix approach, in terms of frequency integrals that encode the pulse spectrum, including how to extract the population dynamics of the excited quantum emitter, as well as the linear and nonlinear contributions. We present solutions for both symmetric and chiral TLS coupling. We then show how to compute the qubit and field observables in a more direct way using MPS, and obtain the characteristic bird-like shape for the two-photon correlation function at two times, which has been observed in recent experiments. We compare and contrast both of these methods, for one and two-photon excitation pulses, and show excellent agreement. We also present a study of the linear and nonlinear contributions, which can easily be calculated using scattering theory, and show the important role of pulse duration. Finally, we demonstrate the clear advantages of MPS by easily going to higher N-photon excitations, and show selected example population dynamics of up to eight-photon Fock-state pulses, manifesting in clear nonlinear population oscillations during the pulse interaction, similar to classical Rabi oscillations, but with quantum input fields that have a vanishing electric field expectation value.