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arXiv:2007.04498 · Physical Review A

Resonator-assisted single-molecule quantum state detection

Ming Yuan Zhu, Yan-Cheng Wei, Chen-Lung Hung

Published Aug 24, 2020• 4 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Optical detection of molecules can often be challenging due to the lack of a closed cycling transition. In this paper, the authors explore the use of high-$Q$ cavities and microresonators to increase the interaction time of light with a single molecule. Their technique could potentially also be applied for atoms or other quantum emitters.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.102.023716

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Optical detection of molecules can often be challenging due to the lack of a closed cycling transition. In this paper, the authors explore the use of high-QQQ cavities and microresonators to increase the interaction time of light with a single molecule. Their technique could potentially also be applied for atoms or other quantum emitters.
Small optical microresonators are structures which confine light to volumes with dimensions on the order of one wavelength and provide an important means for controlling light-matter interaction in integrated optics. In this Paper, we would like to present our work on the study of the interaction of single quantum emitters or nanoparticles located in the confined optical field of a single-mode microresonator. The interaction possibilities between a general photonic system and a quantum system are discussed, with special focus on the effect of resonant microcavities. For the case of the optical microresonator used in our experiments, we present a model based on the transfer matrix method which can analytically describe the radiative enhancement of even complex resonator geometries. This allows not only the optimization of resonator geometries, but gives accurate information on the radiative processes occurring in the cavity, allowing the extraction of information normally inaccessible in optical measurements.
Many interesting proposals in quantum optics and light-matter interaction rely on having multiple quantum emitters well-coupled to a single mode of light. Of particular interest are cases where several identical emitters couple to a one-dimensional (1D) photonic medium. Recently, we presented such a system by evanescent coupling of organic dye molecules to the same guided mode of an on-chip subwavelength waveguide [1]. While this coupling allowed us to demonstrate up to 7.5% transmission extinction of the propagating light by a single molecule, it is still not sufficient for achieving higher-order effects such as photon-mediated interaction of multiple emitters coupled to the same waveguide.
The interaction of light with nanoscale structures is at the core of nano-optics. As the structures become smaller and smaller the laws of quantum mechanics will become apparent. In this limit, the discrete nature of atomic states gives rise to resonant light-matter interactions. In atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, such as semiconductor nanocrystals and other “quantum confined” systems, these resonances occur when the photon energy matches the energy difference of discrete internal (electronic) energy levels. Owing to the resonant character, light-matter interaction can often be approximated by treating these quantum emitters as effective two-level systems, i.e. by considering only those two (electronic) levels whose difference in energy is close to the interacting photon energy ħω 0 . In this chapter we discuss quantum emitters that are used in optical experiments. We will discuss their use as single-photon sources and analyze their photon statistics. While the radiative properties of quantum emitters have been discussed in Chapter 8, this chapter focuses on the properties of the quantum emitters themselves. We adopt a rather practical perspective since more detailed accounts can be found elsewhere (see e.g. [1–4]). Types of quantum emitters The possibility of detecting single quantum emitters optically relies mostly on the fact that redshifted emission can be very efficiently discriminated against excitation light [5, 6]. This opens the road for experiments in which the properties of these emitters are studied or in which they are used as discrete light sources.
The interaction of light and matter in a microcavity depends crucially on the position of the emitter in the spatial field distribution of the resonator mode. In an ideal experiment one would like to place an emitter at will within the mode of the cavity to change the interaction strength in a controllable fashion. Although several efforts have aimed at the realization of such a scheme, its application remains an experimental challenge. Fabry-Perot microresonators constitute a promising route for a controlled coupling of atoms in the gas phase as well as for solid state systems and molecules. Here we present the selective coupling of fluorescent nanoparticles and single molecules to a tunable, fiber-based, scannable microcavity.