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arXiv:2006.07501 · Nature

Entanglement on an optical atomic-clock transition

Edwin Pedrozo-Peñafiel, Simone Colombo, Chi Shu, Albert F. Adiyatullin, Zeyang Li, Enrique Mendez, Boris Braverman, Akio Kawasaki, Daisuke Akamatsu, Yanhong Xiao, Vladan Vuletić

Published Dec 16, 2020• 275 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41586-020-3006-1

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Atomic clocks use atomic transitions as frequency references. The susceptibility of the atomic transition to external fields limits clock stability and introduces systematic frequency shifts. Here, we propose to realize an atomic clock that utilizes an entangled superposition of states of multiple atomic species, where the reference frequency is a sum of the individual transition frequencies. The superposition is selected such that the susceptibilities of the respective transitions, in individual species, partially cancel leading to improved stability and a reduction in the corresponding systematic shifts. We present and analyze two examples of such combinations. The first uses the optical quadrupole transitions in a Ca + – Yb + two-ion system. The second is a superposition of optical quadrupole transitions in one Sr + ion and three Hg + ions. These combinations have reduced susceptibility to external magnetic fields and blackbody radiation.
Optical atomic clocks with fractional uncertainties around and below 10−17 [1] and fractional instabilities at one second interrogation time of below 10−15 [2] have outperformed the best microwave clocks like the cesium atomic clock. In optical atomic clocks a highly stable laser is used to interrogate optical transitions in laser-cooled atoms, ions, or molecules. The increase in accuracy and stability of the optical atomic clocks results from the increased line quality factor Q= ν/Δν given by the five orders of magnitude higher frequency of optical transitions as compared to the transition relevant in the microwave domain. To utilize this potential it is furthermore necessary to realize a suitable narrow linewidth of the interrogated line. The linewidth of any optical transition is given by the different broadening mechanisms of the respective quantum transition relevant for particular interrogation process as well as by the coherence properties of the interrogating laser.