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arXiv:2005.12759 · Machine Learning Science and Technology

Classifying global state preparation via deep reinforcement learning

Tobias Haug, Wai-Keong Mok, Jia-Bin You, Wenzu Zhang, Ching Eng Png, L. C. Kwek

Published Nov 5, 2020• 36 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Quantum information processing often requires the preparation of arbitrary quantum states, such as all the states on the Bloch sphere for two-level systems. While numerical optimization can prepare individual target states, they lack the ability to find general control protocols that can generate many different target states. Here, we demonstrate global quantum control by preparing a continuous set of states with deep reinforcement learning. The protocols are represented using neural networks, which automatically groups the protocols into similar types, which could be useful for finding classes of protocols and extracting physical insights. As application, we generate arbitrary superposition states for the electron spin in complex multi-level nitrogen-vacancy centers, revealing classes of protocols characterized by specific preparation timescales. Our method could help improve control of near-term quantum computers, quantum sensing devices and quantum simulations.

DOI
10.1088/2632-2153/abc81f

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Abstract Quantum information processing often requires the preparation of arbitrary quantum states, such as all the states on the Bloch sphere for two-level systems. While numerical optimization can prepare individual target states, they lack the ability to find general control protocols that can generate many different target states. Here, we demonstrate global quantum control by preparing a continuous set of states with deep reinforcement learning. The protocols are represented using neural networks, which automatically groups the protocols into similar types, which could be useful for finding classes of protocols and extracting physical insights. As application, we generate arbitrary superposition states for the electron spin in complex multi-level nitrogen-vacancy centers, revealing classes of protocols characterized by specific preparation timescales. Our method could help improve control of near-term quantum computers, quantum sensing devices and quantum simulations.
Abstract The preparation of quantum states is essential in the realm of quantum information processing, and the development of efficient methodologies can significantly alleviate the strain on quantum resources. Under the framework of deep reinforcement learning (DRL), we integrate the initial and the target state information within the state preparation task together, so as to realize the control trajectory design between two arbitrary quantum states. Taking a semiconductor double quantum dots (DQDs) model as an example, our results demonstrate that the resulting control trajectories can effectively achieve arbitrary quantum state preparation (AQSP) for both single-qubit and two-qubit systems, with average fidelities of 0.9868 and 0.9556 for the test sets, respectively. For the DQDs, charge and nuclear noises will exist, thus decreases the average fidelity of AQSP. We have also incorporated noise amplitude as an input feature in the training process, leading to the development of noise-aware models. The control trajectories designed by these models can effectively suppress the influence of noise. Our research validates the effectiveness of DRL in quantum state preparation and offers solutions for multi-initial and multi-objective quantum control tasks, with potential for broader application in quantum control problems.
The fast and efficient preparation of quantum critical states is a challenging yet crucial task for various quantum technologies. This difficulty is most particularly for systems near a quantum phase transition, where the closure of the energy gap fundamentally limits the timescale of adiabatic processes and thus precludes rapid state preparation. We propose a framework using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to rapidly prepare quantum critical states, with broad extendibility to light-matter interaction systems. Specifically, a DRL agent optimizes a set of time-dependent control Hamiltonians to drive the system from an initial noncritical state to a target critical state within a finite time and over experimentally accessible parameter ranges. As a concrete application, we focus on the quantum Rabi model. The DRL-optimized time-dependent control Hamiltonian yield a final state with high-fidelity (>0.999>0.999>0.999) to the target critical state. The protocol can be readily extended to other quantum critical systems described by light-matter interaction models, such as quantum Dicke model. This investigation provides a powerful new framework for preparing and manipulating quantum critical states.
The ability to prepare a physical system in a desired quantum state is central to many areas of physics such as nuclear magnetic resonance, cold atoms, and quantum computing. Yet, preparing states quickly and with high fidelity remains a formidable challenge. In this work we implement cutting-edge Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques and show that their performance is comparable to optimal control methods in the task of finding short, high-fidelity driving protocol from an initial to a target state in non-integrable many-body quantum systems of interacting qubits. RL methods learn about the underlying physical system solely through a single scalar reward (the fidelity of the resulting state) calculated from numerical simulations of the physical system. We further show that quantum state manipulation, viewed as an optimization problem, exhibits a spin-glass-like phase transition in the space of protocols as a function of the protocol duration. Our RL-aided approach helps identify variational protocols with nearly optimal fidelity, even in the glassy phase, where optimal state manipulation is exponentially hard. This study highlights the potential usefulness of RL for applications in out-of-equilibrium quantum physics.
Abstract Accurate and efficient preparation of quantum state is a core issue in building a quantum computer. In this paper, we investigate how to prepare a certain single- or two-qubit target state from arbitrary initial states in semiconductor double quantum dots with only a few discrete control pulses by leveraging the deep reinforcement learning. Our method is based on the training of the network over numerous preparing tasks. The results show that once the network is well trained, it works for any initial states in the continuous Hilbert space. Thus repeated training for new preparation tasks is avoided. Our scheme outperforms the traditional optimization approaches based on gradient with both the higher efficiency and the preparation quality in discrete control space. Moreover, we find that the control trajectories designed by our scheme are robust against stochastic fluctuations within certain thresholds, such as the charge and nuclear noises.
The fast and efficient preparation of quantum critical states is a challenging yet crucial task for various quantum technologies. This difficulty is most particularly for systems near a quantum phase transition, where the closure of the energy gap fundamentally limits the timescale of adiabatic processes and thus precludes rapid state preparation. We propose a framework using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to rapidly prepare quantum critical states, with broad extendibility to light-matter interaction systems. Specifically, a DRL agent optimizes a set of time-dependent control Hamiltonians to drive the system from an initial noncritical state to a target critical state within a finite time and over experimentally accessible parameter ranges. As a concrete application, we focus on the quantum Rabi model. The DRL-optimized time-dependent control Hamiltonian yields a final state with high fidelity ( > 0.999 ) to the target critical state. The protocol can be readily extended to other quantum critical systems described by light-matter interaction models, such as quantum Dicke model. This investigation provides a powerful framework for preparing and manipulating quantum critical states.
Quantum computers may solve some computing tasks more efficiently than classical computers, but to do so requires the design of appropriate quantum circuits. However, it is hard to design even simple quantum programs. Recent results have shown that deep learning augmented search has the potential to discover good circuits for a problem, but it is not yet sufficiently understood how well deep learning is able to model such a complex domain: the search space and output space grow exponentially. This work explores the ability of neural networks to encode quantum circuits for tasks that require knowledge about the unitary representation of the circuit. To this end, we trained neural networks to directly learn to predict the unitary of a circuit and applied reinforcement learning to train neural networks to solve circuit based quantum state preparation. This work finds that encoding quantum circuits is quite difficult especially with regards to the amount of entanglement applied in both application domains. The use of intermediate states and structure in quantum circuits combined with a reasonable inductive bias, where applicable, can alleviate these problems to some extent. The use of intermediate states also greatly improves the results of Deep Reinforcement Learning for quantum state preparation. Based on these results, we discuss the next set of challenges to address if we are to design neural network-based approaches for the automatic generation of quantum circuits. Add sentence on how it improves things in the end.