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arXiv:2005.12007 · New Journal of Physics

Visible stripe phases in spin–orbital-angular-momentum coupled Bose–Einstein condensates

N.-C. Chiu, Yuki Kawaguchi, S-K Yip, Y-J Lin

Published Aug 4, 2020• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Recently, stripe phases in spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) have attracted much attention since they are identified as supersolid phases. In this paper, we exploit experimentally reachable parameters and show that annular stripe phases with large stripe spacing and high stripe contrast can be achieved in spin–orbital-angular-momentum coupled (SOAMC) BECs. In addition to using Gross–Pitaevskii numerical simulations, we develop a variational ansatz that captures the essential interaction effects to first order, which are not present in the ansatz employed in previous literature. Our work should open the possibility towards directly observing stripe phases in SOAMC BECs in experiments.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/abac3c

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Abstract Recently, stripe phases in spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) have attracted much attention since they are identified as supersolid phases. In this paper, we exploit experimentally reachable parameters and show that annular stripe phases with large stripe spacing and high stripe contrast can be achieved in spin–orbital-angular-momentum coupled (SOAMC) BECs. In addition to using Gross–Pitaevskii numerical simulations, we develop a variational ansatz that captures the essential interaction effects to first order, which are not present in the ansatz employed in previous literature. Our work should open the possibility towards directly observing stripe phases in SOAMC BECs in experiments.
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The striped phase exhibited by a spin-1/21/21/2 Bose-Einstein condensate with spin-orbit coupling is characterized by the spontaneous breaking of two continuous symmetries: gauge and translational symmetry. This is a peculiar feature of supersolids and is the consequence of interaction effects. We propose an approach to produce striped configurations with high-contrast fringes, making their experimental detection in atomic gases a realistic perspective. Our approach, whose efficiency is directly confirmed by three-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii simulations, is based on the space separation of the two spin components into a two-dimensional bilayer configuration, causing the reduction of the effective interspecies interaction and the increase of the stability of the striped phase. We also explore the effect of a $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ Bragg pulse, causing the increase of the fringe wavelength, and of a $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$ rf pulse, revealing the coherent nature of the order parameter in the spin channel.
We present a theoretical study of the collective excitations of the supersolid annular stripe phase of a spin-orbital-angular-momentum-coupled (SOAM-coupled) spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate. The annular stripe phase simultaneously breaks two continuous symmetries, namely rotational and U(1)U(1)U(1) gauge symmetry, and is more probable in the condensates with a larger orbital angular momentum transfer imparted by a pair of Laguerre-Gaussian beams than what has been considered in the recent experiments. Accordingly, we consider a SOAM-coupled spin-1 condensate with a $4\ensuremath{\hbar}$ orbital angular momentum transferred by the lasers. Depending on the values of the Raman coupling strength and quadratic Zeeman term, the condensate with realistic antiferromagnetic interactions supports three ground-state phases: the annular stripe, the vortex necklace, and the zero angular momentum phase. We numerically calculate the collective excitations of the condensate as a function of coupling and quadratic Zeeman field strengths for a fixed ratio of spin-dependent and spin-independent interaction strengths. At low Raman coupling strengths, we observe a direct transition from the zero angular momentum to the annular stripe phase, characterized by the softening of a double symmetric roton mode, which serves as a precursor to supersolidity.
The experimental realization of emergent spin-orbit coupling through laser-induced Raman transitions in ultracold atoms paves the way for exploring novel superfluid physics and simulating exotic many-body phenomena. A recent proposal with the use of Laguerre-Gaussian lasers enables another fundamental type of coupling between spin and orbital angular momentum (SOAM) in ultracold atoms. We hereby study quantum phases of a realistic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with this synthetic SOAM coupling in a disk-shaped geometry, respecting radial inhomogeneity of the Raman coupling. We find that the experimental system naturally resides in a strongly interacting regime in which the phase diagram significantly deviates from the single-particle picture. The interplay between SOAM coupling and interaction leads to rich structures in spin-resolved position and momentum distributions, including a stripe phase and various types of immiscible states. Our results would provide a guide for an experimental investigation of SOAM-coupled BECs.
We propose that a superfluid with supersolidlike properties, i.e., angular stripe phase, can be realized in a pancakelike spin-1/2 Bose gas with spin-orbital-angular-momentum coupling.We predict a rich ground-state phase diagram, including the vortex-antivortex pair phase, the half-skyrmion phase, and two different angular stripe phases.The stripe phases feature a modulated angular density-density correlation with a sizable contrast and can occupy a relatively large parameter space.The low-lying collective excitations, such as the dipole and breathing modes, show distinct behaviors in different phases.The existence of the stripe phase is also clearly indicated in the energetic and dynamic instabilities of collective modes near phase transitions.Our predictions of the angular stripe phase could be readily examined in current cold-atom experiments with 87 Rb and 41 K.
We report on a theoretical study of a ring-shaped Bose-Einstein condensate with Raman-induced spin-orbital-angular-momentum coupling. We analyze the structure of the ground state of the system depending on different physical parameters and reveal a peculiar fine structure within the stripe phase on the phase diagram. We demonstrate the existence of the predicted stripe subphases within a wide range of physical parameters, and their traceability through physical observables, and compare the results with several commonly used variational approximations. We also show that predicted subphases of the stripe phase can be observed within experimentally realizable conditions.