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arXiv:2005.11497 · Entropy

Differential Parametric Formalism for the Evolution of Gaussian States: Nonunitary Evolution and Invariant States

Julio A. López-Saldívar, Margarita A. Man’ko, Vladimir I. Man’ko

Published May 23, 2020• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In the differential approach elaborated, we study the evolution of the parameters of Gaussian, mixed, continuous variable density matrices, whose dynamics are given by Hermitian Hamiltonians expressed as quadratic forms of the position and momentum operators or quadrature components. Specifically, we obtain in generic form the differential equations for the covariance matrix, the mean values, and the density matrix parameters of a multipartite Gaussian state, unitarily evolving according to a Hamiltonian H ^ . We also present the corresponding differential equations, which describe the nonunitary evolution of the subsystems. The resulting nonlinear equations are used to solve the dynamics of the system instead of the Schrödinger equation. The formalism elaborated allows us to define new specific invariant and quasi-invariant states, as well as states with invariant covariance matrices, i.e., states were only the mean values evolve according to the classical Hamilton equations. By using density matrices in the position and in the tomographic-probability representations, we study examples of these properties. As examples, we present novel invariant states for the two-mode frequency converter and quasi-invariant states for the bipartite parametric amplifier.

DOI
10.3390/e22050586

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In the differential approach elaborated, we study the evolution of the parameters of Gaussian, mixed, continuous variable density matrices, whose dynamics are given by Hermitian Hamiltonians expressed as quadratic forms of the position and momentum operators or quadrature components. Specifically, we obtain in generic form the differential equations for the covariance matrix, the mean values, and the density matrix parameters of a multipartite Gaussian state, unitarily evolving according to a Hamiltonian H ^ . We also present the corresponding differential equations, which describe the nonunitary evolution of the subsystems. The resulting nonlinear equations are used to solve the dynamics of the system instead of the Schrödinger equation. The formalism elaborated allows us to define new specific invariant and quasi-invariant states, as well as states with invariant covariance matrices, i.e., states were only the mean values evolve according to the classical Hamilton equations. By using density matrices in the position and in the tomographic-probability representations, we study examples of these properties. As examples, we present novel invariant states for the two-mode frequency converter and quasi-invariant states for the bipartite parametric amplifier.
The dynamics of Gaussian states for systems with Hamiltonians, quadratic in the position and momentum operators, gives rise to the definition of a system of nonlinear coupled differential equations for the density matrix parameters of the system states. In this work, we show that, using the Gaussian-state covariance-matrix evolution, it is possible to solve the system of these nonlinear equations. Some examples of applications of the method developed are given for one- and two-dimensional quadratic-system Gaussian states. It is noted that this formalism can also be used to find new constants of motion related to the covariance matrices of quadratic systems.
The covariance matrix contains the complete information about the second-order expectation values of the mode quadratures (position and momentum operators) of the system. Due to its prominence in studies of continuous variable systems, most significantly Gaussian states, special emphasis is put on time evolution models that result in self-contained equations for the covariance matrix. So far, despite not being explicitly implied by this requirement, virtually all such models assume a so-called quadratic, or second-order case, in which the generator of the evolution is at most second-order in the mode quadratures. Here, we provide an explicit model of covariance matrix evolution of infinite order. Furthermore, we derive the solution, including stationary states, for a large subclass of proposed evolutions. Our findings challenge the contemporary understanding of covariance matrix dynamics and may give rise to new methods and improvements in quantum technologies employing continuous variable systems.
We give a simplified form of Simon's separability criterion for two-mode Gaussian states, showing that for systems whose unitary evolution is governed by arbitrary time-dependent quadratic Hamiltonians, the separability dynamics is completely described in terms of the determinant of the cross-covariance matrix. As concrete examples, we consider the evolution of the 'inverse negativity coefficient' (which gives a quantitative estimation of the 'degree of entanglement') for two initially uncoupled modes (each being in a squeezed thermal state) in the cases of parametric converter, parametric amplifier and for a cavity whose boundary oscillates in resonance with two field modes.
The motion of wave packets can be easily determined for any Hamiltonian that is quadratic in position and momentum, even if the coefficients of the terms in the Hamiltonian vary with time. The method is based on the existence of an invariant operator, linear in position and momentum, the coefficients of these operators being solutions of the corresponding classical system. This immediately yields a set of very simple wave packets whose evolution is easily determined, and whose magnitude has the same form as the energy eigenfunctions of the harmonic oscillator (i.e., Gaussian or Hermite–Gaussian). This set provides a complete basis for finding the evolution of any state and the exact propagator is readily determined. For the harmonic oscillator, this set includes coherent states, squeezed states, displaced number states, and squeezed number states as special cases. The following important properties hold for every quadratic Hamiltonian, no matter what time dependence is present in the Hamiltonian: (1) The motion of the centroid of any wave packet separates from that of any moments relative to the centroid. (2) Every detail of the evolution of the quantum system can be calculated from the solutions of the corresponding classical system. (3) Wave functions of Gaussian (or Hermite–Gaussian) form will retain that form as they evolve.
This paper considers open quantum systems whose dynamic variables satisfy canonical commutation relations and are governed by Markovian Hudson-Parthasarathy quantum stochastic differential equations driven by external bosonic fields. The dependence of the Hamiltonian and the system-field coupling operators on the system variables is represented using the Weyl functional calculus. This leads to an integro-differential equation (IDE) for the evolution of the quasi-characteristic function (QCF) which encodes the dynamics of mixed moments of the system variables. Unlike quantum master equations for reduced density operators, this IDE involves only complex-valued functions on finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces and extends the Wigner-Moyal phase-space approach for quantum stochastic systems. The dynamics of the QCF and the related Wigner quasi-probability density function (QPDF) are discussed in more detail for the case when the coupling operators depend linearly on the system variables and the Hamiltonian has a nonquadratic part represented in the Weyl quantization form. For this class of quantum stochastic systems, we also consider an approximate computation of invariant states and discuss the deviation from Gaussian quantum states in terms of the χ2χ^2χ2-divergence (or the second-order Renyi relative entropy) applied to the QPDF. The results of the paper may find applications to investigating different aspects of the moment stability, relaxation dynamics and invariant states in open quantum systems.
Inspired by the definition of the non-Gaussian two-parametric continuous-variable analog of an isotropic state introduced by Mi\ifmmode \check{s}\else \v{s}\fi{}ta et al. [Phys. Rev. A 65, 062315 (2002)], we propose to take the Gaussian part of this state as an independent state by itself, which yields a simple, but with respect to the correlation structure interesting, example of a two-mode Gaussian analog of an isotropic state. Unlike conventional isotropic states which are defined as a convex combination of a thermal and an entangled density operator, the Gaussian version studied here is defined by a convex combination of the corresponding covariance matrices and can be understood as an entangled pure state with additional Gaussian noise controlled by a mixing probability. Using various entanglement criteria and measures, we study the nonclassical correlations contained in this state. Unlike the previously studied non-Gaussian two-parametric isotropic state, the Gaussian state considered here features a finite threshold in the parameter space where entanglement sets in. In particular, it turns out that it exhibits an analogous phenomenology as the finite-dimensional two-qubit isotropic state.