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arXiv:2005.06242 · Physical Review Letters

Algebraic Construction of Current Operators in Integrable Spin Chains

Balázs Pozsgay

Published Aug 11, 2020• 71 citations
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Abstract

Generalized hydrodynamics is a recent theory that describes the large scale transport properties of one dimensional integrable models. At the heart of this theory lies an exact quantum-classical correspondence, which states that the flows of the conserved quantities are essentially quasiclassical even in the interacting quantum many body models. We provide the algebraic background to this observation, by embedding the current operators of the integrable spin chains into the canonical framework of Yang-Baxter integrability. Our construction can be applied in a large variety of models including the XXZ spin chains, the Hubbard model, and even in models lacking particle conservation such as the XYZ chain. Regarding the XXZ chain we present a simplified proof of the recent exact results for the current mean values, and explain how their quasiclassical nature emerges from the exact computations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.125.070602

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XYZスピン1/2鎖における多数の局所保存量とその流れの研究

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Integrable models are characterized by the existence of an extensive number of local conserved quantities.Their existence is closely related to various exact methods, such as the Bethe ansatz and quantum inverse scattering.They also play an important role in nonequilibrium dynamics in the integrable models.Their steady states and transport phenomena exhibit exotic properties, which are also related to this point.Local conserved quantities in a quantum integrable model in one dimension are generated from the transfer matrix of the corresponding classical two-dimensional model.However, it is still non-trivial to obtain their explicit expression.The meaning of "local" here is that each conserved quantity consists of the sum of observables acting on a finite range of sites called its support.We note that the local conserved quantities in this context are not O (1)-body observables in general.Their explicit expressions enable us to analyze theories of nonequilibrium dynamics using the local conserved quantities in detail, for example, the generalized Gibbs ensemble, the Mazur bound, and the generalized hydrodynamics.In this thesis, we have studied the local conserved quantities in the XYZ spin-1/2 chain, which is an integrable model corresponding to the classical eight-vertex model.We have obtained their explicit expression for arbitrary coupling constants of the XYZ chain.The model at the isotropic point called the Heisenberg or XXX chain is an exceptional case in which the expression had been known.We have checked that our results reproduce the known expression for the XXX chain as a special case.To obtain the explicit expression, we have employed the notation of doubling-product operators, which was introduced by Shiraishi to study the non-integrability of the XYZ spin-1/2 chain in a magnetic field.Using this notation, we have found recursion relations of the coefficients among different terms in the conserved quantities in the XYZ chain.Then, we have solved the recursion relations and obtained the explicit expression.We have shown that the local conserved quantity Q k for a fixed support k is essentially unique i ii ABSTRACT if 2 ≤ k ≤ L/2 with L being the number of sites.We have obtained the explicit expression for all {Q k } for 1 ≤ k ≤ L/2 and one Q k for each k with L/2 < k ≤ L.We have also studied the currents of these conserved quantities based on the respective continuity equations.We have obtained their explicit expression and numerically investigated their time evolution.In particular, we have studied the effects of an integrabilitybreaking perturbation on the time evolution of the currents and found that this term drastically changes their long-time behaviors as follows.As for the initial state, we have chosen several energy eigenstates of the XXX chain with a nonzero energy current, which is also known to be conserved.In particular, we have studied the time evolution with the Hamiltonian of the XXZ chain with and without a next-nearest-neighbor interaction and seen the effects of this integrability-breaking perturbation.We have found that, for these initial states, the long-time average of the total currents is nonzero for the integrable cases while zero for the non-integrable cases.We have also studied this behavior analytically and shown that the degeneracy of the energy eigenstates is essential.Our results for the XYZ spin-1/2 chain have revealed the structure of the conserved quantities and currents in detail.They provide materials for the development of algebraic studies in integrable models and will be useful for detailed analyses of nonequilibrium dynamics in these models.

•Mar 24, 2022•0 citations
Generalized hydrodynamics is a recent theory that describes the large scale transport properties of one dimensional integrable models. At the heart of this theory lies an exact quantum-classical correspondence, which states that the flows of the conserved quantities are essentially quasiclassical even in the interacting quantum many body models. We provide the algebraic background to this observation, by embedding the current operators of the integrable spin chains into the canonical framework of Yang-Baxter integrability. Our construction can be applied in a large variety of models including the XXZ spin chains, the Hubbard model, and even in models lacking particle conservation such as the XYZ chain. Regarding the XXZ chain we present a simplified proof of the recent exact results for the current mean values, and explain how their quasiclassical nature emerges from the exact computations.
Abstract We consider the current operators of one-dimensional integrable models. These operators describe the flow of the conserved charges of the models, and they play a central role in generalized hydrodynamics. We present key statements about the mean currents in finite volume and in the thermodynamic limit, and we review the various proofs of the exact formulas. We also present a few new results in this review. New contributions include a computation of the currents of the Heisenberg spin chains using the string hypothesis, and simplified formulas in the thermodynamic limit. We also discuss implications of our results for the asymptotic behavior of dynamical correlation functions.
We extend T. Prosen's construction of quasilocal conserved quantities for the XXZ model [Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 217206 (2011)] to the case of periodic boundary conditions. These quasilocal operators stem from a two-parameter transfer matrix which employs a highest-weight representation of the quantum group algebra inherent in the Yang-Baxter algebra. In contrast with the open chain, where the conservation law is weakly violated by boundary terms, the quasilocal operators in the periodic chain exactly commute with the Hamiltonian and other local conserved quantities.
Many experimentally relevant quantum spin chains are approximately integrable, and support long-lived quasiparticle excitations. A canonical example of integrable model of quantum magnetism is the XXZ spin chain, for which energy spreads ballistically, but, surprisingly, spin transport can be diffusive or superdiffusive. We review the transport properties of this model using an intuitive quasiparticle picture that relies on the recently introduced framework of generalized hydrodynamics. We discuss how anomalous linear response properties emerge from hierarchies of quasiparticles both in integrable and near-integrable limits, with an emphasis on the role of hydrodynamic fluctuations. We also comment on recent developments including non-linear response, full-counting statistics and far-from-equilibrium transport. We provide an overview of recent numerical and experimental results on transport in XXZ spin chains.
We show that hydrodynamic diffusion is generically present in many-body, one-dimensional interacting quantum and classical integrable models. We extend the recently developed generalized hydrodynamic (GHD) to include terms of Navier-Stokes type, which leads to positive entropy production and diffusive relaxation mechanisms. These terms provide the subleading diffusive corrections to Euler-scale GHD for the large-scale nonequilibrium dynamics of integrable systems, and arise due to two-body scatterings among quasiparticles. We give exact expressions for the diffusion coefficients. Our results apply to a large class of integrable models, including quantum and classical, Galilean and relativistic field theories, chains, and gases in one dimension, such as the Lieb-Liniger model describing cold atom gases and the Heisenberg quantum spin chain. We provide numerical evaluations in the Heisenberg XXZ spin chain, both for the spin diffusion constant, and for the diffusive effects during the melting of a small domain wall of spins, finding excellent agreement with time-dependent density matrix renormalization group numerical simulations.
Integrable models are characterized by the existence of an extensive number of local conserved quantities.Their existence is closely related to various exact methods, such as the Bethe ansatz and quantum inverse scattering.They also play an important role in nonequilibrium dynamics in the integrable models.Their steady states and transport phenomena exhibit exotic properties, which are also related to this point.Local conserved quantities in a quantum integrable model in one dimension are generated from the transfer matrix of the corresponding classical two-dimensional model.However, it is still non-trivial to obtain their explicit expression.The meaning of "local" here is that each conserved quantity consists of the sum of observables acting on a finite range of sites called its support.We note that the local conserved quantities in this context are not O (1)-body observables in general.Their explicit expressions enable us to analyze theories of nonequilibrium dynamics using the local conserved quantities in detail, for example, the generalized Gibbs ensemble, the Mazur bound, and the generalized hydrodynamics.In this thesis, we have studied the local conserved quantities in the XYZ spin-1/2 chain, which is an integrable model corresponding to the classical eight-vertex model.We have obtained their explicit expression for arbitrary coupling constants of the XYZ chain.The model at the isotropic point called the Heisenberg or XXX chain is an exceptional case in which the expression had been known.We have checked that our results reproduce the known expression for the XXX chain as a special case.To obtain the explicit expression, we have employed the notation of doubling-product operators, which was introduced by Shiraishi to study the non-integrability of the XYZ spin-1/2 chain in a magnetic field.Using this notation, we have found recursion relations of the coefficients among different terms in the conserved quantities in the XYZ chain.Then, we have solved the recursion relations and obtained the explicit expression.We have shown that the local conserved quantity Q k for a fixed support k is essentially unique i ii ABSTRACT if 2 ≤ k ≤ L/2 with L being the number of sites.We have obtained the explicit expression for all {Q k } for 1 ≤ k ≤ L/2 and one Q k for each k with L/2 < k ≤ L.We have also studied the currents of these conserved quantities based on the respective continuity equations.We have obtained their explicit expression and numerically investigated their time evolution.In particular, we have studied the effects of an integrabilitybreaking perturbation on the time evolution of the currents and found that this term drastically changes their long-time behaviors as follows.As for the initial state, we have chosen several energy eigenstates of the XXX chain with a nonzero energy current, which is also known to be conserved.In particular, we have studied the time evolution with the Hamiltonian of the XXZ chain with and without a next-nearest-neighbor interaction and seen the effects of this integrability-breaking perturbation.We have found that, for these initial states, the long-time average of the total currents is nonzero for the integrable cases while zero for the non-integrable cases.We have also studied this behavior analytically and shown that the degeneracy of the energy eigenstates is essential.Our results for the XYZ spin-1/2 chain have revealed the structure of the conserved quantities and currents in detail.They provide materials for the development of algebraic studies in integrable models and will be useful for detailed analyses of nonequilibrium dynamics in these models.