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arXiv:2005.05089 · Physical Review Research

Observation of collective decay dynamics of a single Rydberg superatom

Nina Stiesdal, Hannes Busche, Jan Kumlin, Kevin Kleinbeck, Hans Peter Büchler, Sebastian Hofferberth

Published Dec 8, 2020• 26 citations
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Abstract

The authors study the emission of single photons from a collective atomic Rydberg excitation and observe variations in its decay rate that result from the collective state's internal coherent dynamics.
DOI
10.1103/physrevresearch.2.043339

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An ensemble of rubidium atoms can be excited with lasers such that it evolves into an entangled state with just one collective excitation within the Rydberg-blockade radius. The decay of this state leads to the emission of a single antibunched photon. For a hot vapor of rubidium atoms in a microcell, we numerically study the feasibility of such a single-photon source under different experimental conditions like the atomic density distribution and the choice of electronic states addressed by the lasers. For the excitation process with three rectangular lasers pulses, we simulate the coherent dynamics of the system in a truncated Hilbert space. We investigate the radiative behavior of the moving rubidium atoms and optimize the laser pulse sequence accordingly. We find that the collective decay of the single excitation leads to a fast and directed photon emission and further that a pulse sequence similar to a spin echo increases the directionality of the photon. Finally, we analyze the residual double excitations and find that they do not exhibit these collective decay properties and play only a minor deleterious role.
Strong, long-range interactions between atoms in high-lying Rydberg states can suppress multiple Rydberg excitations within a micron-sized trapping volume and yield sizable Rydberg level shifts at larger distances. Ensembles of atoms in optical microtraps then form Rydberg superatoms with collectively enhanced transition rates to the singly excited state. These superatoms can represent mesoscopic, strongly interacting spins. We study a regular array of such effective spins driven by a laser field tuned to compensate the interaction-induced level shifts between neighboring superatoms. During the initial transient, a few excited superatoms seed a cascade of resonantly facilitated excitation of large clusters of superatoms. Due to spontaneous decay, the system then relaxes to the steady state having nearly universal Rydberg excitation density . This state is characterized by highly non-trivial equilibrium dynamics of quasi-particles—excitation holes in the lattice of Rydberg excited superatoms. We derive an effective many-body model that accounts for hole mobility as well as continuous creation and annihilation of holes upon collisions with each other. We find that holes exhibit a nearly incompressible liquid phase with highly sub-Poissonian number statistics and finite-range density–density correlations.
Based on the dipole blockade effect and with the aid of the superatom (SA) model, we propose a scheme to investigate the correlated evolution of two Rydberg sub-superatoms (SSAs), formed by two spatially separated atomic Rydberg sub-ensembles but in the same blockade region. Starting from the pure separable states, we investigate the in-phase or anti-phase correlated dynamics and explore how two Rydberg SSAs entangle with each other mediated by a single Rydberg excitation. Starting from the entangled states, we discuss the robustness of the system against decoherence induced by the dephasing rate. Our results show that both the correlated evolution of two Rydberg SSAs and their collective-state entanglement are usually sensitive to the number of each Rydberg SSA. This allows us to coherently manipulate the Rydberg ensemble over long distances from the single-quantum level to the mesoscopic level by changing the number of atoms. Furthermore, the method for dividing an SA into two SSAs and obtaining their spin operators without any approximation can be readily generalized to the case of many SSAs. It may have potential promising applications in quantum information processing and provide an attractive platform to study the quantum-classical correspondence, many-body physics and so on.