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arXiv:2005.02104 · Journal of Physics Complexity

Probing criticality in quantum spin chains with neural networks

A. V. Berezutskii, M Beketov, D Yudin, Zoltán Zimborás, Jacob Biamonte

Published Jul 28, 2020• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract The numerical emulation of quantum systems often requires an exponential number of degrees of freedom which translates to a computational bottleneck. Methods of machine learning have been used in adjacent fields for effective feature extraction and dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional datasets. Recent studies have revealed that neural networks are further suitable for the determination of macroscopic phases of matter and associated phase transitions as well as efficient quantum state representation. In this work, we address quantum phase transitions in quantum spin chains, namely the transverse field Ising chain and the anisotropic XY chain, and show that even neural networks with no hidden layers can be effectively trained to distinguish between magnetically ordered and disordered phases. Our neural network acts to predict the corresponding crossovers finite-size systems undergo. Our results extend to a wide class of interacting quantum many-body systems and illustrate the wide applicability of neural networks to many-body quantum physics.

DOI
10.1088/2632-072x/abaa2b

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Abstract The numerical emulation of quantum systems often requires an exponential number of degrees of freedom which translates to a computational bottleneck. Methods of machine learning have been used in adjacent fields for effective feature extraction and dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional datasets. Recent studies have revealed that neural networks are further suitable for the determination of macroscopic phases of matter and associated phase transitions as well as efficient quantum state representation. In this work, we address quantum phase transitions in quantum spin chains, namely the transverse field Ising chain and the anisotropic XY chain, and show that even neural networks with no hidden layers can be effectively trained to distinguish between magnetically ordered and disordered phases. Our neural network acts to predict the corresponding crossovers finite-size systems undergo. Our results extend to a wide class of interacting quantum many-body systems and illustrate the wide applicability of neural networks to many-body quantum physics.
The numerical emulation of quantum systems often requires an exponential number of degrees of freedom which translates to a computational bottleneck. Methods of machine learning have been used in adjacent fields for effective feature extraction and dimensionality reduction of high-dimensional datasets. Recent studies have revealed that neural networks are further suitable for the determination of macroscopic phases of matter and associated phase transitions as well as efficient quantum state representation. In this work, we address quantum phase transitions in quantum spin chains, namely the transverse field Ising chain and the anisotropic XY chain, and show that even neural networks with no hidden layers can be effectively trained to distinguish between magnetically ordered and disordered phases. Our neural network acts to predict the corresponding crossovers finite-size systems undergo. Our results extend to a wide class of interacting quantum many-body systems and illustrate the wide applicability of neural networks to many-body quantum physics.
Machine learning has been applied on a wide variety of models, from classical statistical mechanics to quantum strongly correlated systems for the identification of phase transitions. The recently proposed quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) provides a new framework for using quantum circuits instead of classical neural networks as the backbone of classification methods. We present here the results from training the QCNN by the wavefunctions of the variational quantum eigensolver for the one-dimensional transverse field Ising model (TFIM). We demonstrate that the QCNN identifies wavefunctions which correspond to the paramagnetic phase and the ferromagnetic phase of the TFIM with good accuracy. The QCNN can be trained to predict the corresponding phase of wavefunctions around the putative quantum critical point, even though it is trained by wavefunctions far away from it. This provides a basis for exploiting the QCNN to identify the quantum critical point.
We show that a neural network, trained on the entanglement spectra of a nearest neighbor Heisenberg chain in a random transverse magnetic field, can be used to efficiently study the ergodic/many-body localized properties of a number of other quantum systems, without further re-training. We benchmark our computational architecture against a J1 ⁣ ⁣− ⁣ ⁣J2J_{1}\!\!-\!\!J_{2}J1​−J2​ - model, which extends the Heisenberg chain to include next-to-nearest neighbor interactions, with excellent agreement with known results. When applied to Hamiltonians that differ from the training model by the topology of the underlying graph, the neural network is able to predict the critical disorders and, more generally, shapes of the mobility edge that agree with our heuristic expectation. We take this as proof of principle that machine learning algorithms furnish a powerful new set of computational tools to explore the many-body physics frontier.
We study the phase transitions of three-dimensional (3D) classical O(3)O(3)O(3) model and two-dimensional (2D) classical XY model, as well as both the quantum phase transitions of 2D and 3D dimerized spin-1/2 antiferromagnets, using the technique of supervised neural network (NN). Moreover, unlike the conventional approaches commonly used in the literature, the training sets employed in our investigation are neither the theoretical nor the real configurations of the considered systems. Remarkably, with such an unconventional set up of the training stage in conjunction with some semiexperimental finite-size scaling formulas, the associated critical points determined by the NN method agree well with the established results in the literature. The outcomes obtained here imply that certain unconventional training strategies, like the one used in this study, are not only cost-effective in computation but are also applicable for a wide range of physical systems.
Machine learning has been applied to a wide variety of models, from classical statistical mechanics to quantum strongly correlated systems, for classifying phase transitions. The recently proposed quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) provides a new framework for using quantum circuits instead of classical neural networks as the backbone of classification methods. We present the results from training the QCNN by the wavefunctions of the variational quantum eigensolver for the one-dimensional transverse field Ising model (TFIM). We demonstrate that the QCNN identifies wavefunctions corresponding to the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of the TFIM with reasonable accuracy. The QCNN can be trained to predict the corresponding ‘phase’ of wavefunctions around the putative quantum critical point even though it is trained by wavefunctions far away. The paper provides a basis for exploiting the QCNN to identify the quantum critical point.
Determining phase diagrams and phase transitions semiautomatically using machine learning has received a lot of attention recently, with results in good agreement with more conventional approaches in most cases. When it comes to more quantitative predictions, such as the identification of universality class or precise determination of critical points, the task is more challenging. As an exacting testbed, we study the Heisenberg spin-1/2 chain in a random external field that is known to display a transition from a many-body localized to a thermalizing regime, which nature is not entirely characterized. We introduce different neural network structures and dataset setups to achieve a finite-size scaling analysis with the least possible physical bias (no assumed knowledge on the phase transition and directly inputting wave-function coefficients), using state-of-the-art input data simulating chains of sizes up to L=24L=24L=24. In particular, we use domain adversarial techniques to ensure that the network learns scale-invariant features. We find a variability of the output results with respect to network and training parameters, resulting in relatively large uncertainties on final estimates of critical point and correlation length exponent which tend to be larger than the values obtained from conventional approaches. We put the emphasis on interpretability throughout the paper and discuss what the network appears to learn for the various used architectures. Our findings show that a quantitative analysis of phase transitions of unknown nature remains a difficult task with neural networks when using the minimally engineered physical input.