Future quantum repeater architectures, capable of efficiently distributing information encoded in quantum states of light over large distances, will benefit from multiplexed photonic quantum memories. In this work we demonstrate a temporally multiplexed quantum repeater node in a laser-cooled cloud of ^{87}Rb atoms. We employ the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol where pairs of photons and single collective spin excitations (so-called spin waves) are created in several temporal modes using a train of write pulses. To make the spin waves created in different temporal modes distinguishable and enable selective readout, we control the dephasing and rephasing of the spin waves by a magnetic field gradient, which induces a controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening of the involved atomic hyperfine levels. We demonstrate that by embedding the atomic ensemble inside a low finesse optical cavity, the additional noise generated in multimode operation is strongly suppressed. By employing feed forward readout, we demonstrate distinguishable retrieval of up to 10 temporal modes. For each mode, we prove nonclassical correlations between the first and second photon. Furthermore, an enhancement in rates of correlated photon pairs is observed as we increase the number of temporal modes stored in the memory. The reported capability is a key element of a quantum repeater architecture based on multiplexed quantum memories.
Future quantum repeater architectures, capable of efficiently distributing information encoded in quantum states of light over large distances, will benefit from multiplexed photonic quantum memories. In this work we demonstrate a temporally multiplexed quantum repeater node in a laser-cooled cloud of ^{87}Rb atoms. We employ the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller protocol where pairs of photons and single collective spin excitations (so-called spin waves) are created in several temporal modes using a train of write pulses. To make the spin waves created in different temporal modes distinguishable and enable selective readout, we control the dephasing and rephasing of the spin waves by a magnetic field gradient, which induces a controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening of the involved atomic hyperfine levels. We demonstrate that by embedding the atomic ensemble inside a low finesse optical cavity, the additional noise generated in multimode operation is strongly suppressed. By employing feed forward readout, we demonstrate distinguishable retrieval of up to 10 temporal modes. For each mode, we prove nonclassical correlations between the first and second photon. Furthermore, an enhancement in rates of correlated photon pairs is observed as we increase the number of temporal modes stored in the memory. The reported capability is a key element of a quantum repeater architecture based on multiplexed quantum memories.
Future quantum repeater architectures, capable of efficiently distributing information encoded in quantum states of light over large distances, rely on quantum memories for light [1]. Quantum repeaters can benefit from a modal multiplexing implementation of the memory, essentially scaling up the repeater's throughput [2]. In this work we demonstrate a temporally multiplexed quantum repeater node in a laser-cooled cloud of 87-Rb atoms (as proposed in [3]). We employ the DLCZ protocol where pairs of photons and single collective spin excitations (so called spin-waves) are created [4]. The latter can then be efficiently transferred into a second single photon. For selective readout, we need to control the dephasing and rephasing of the spin-waves created in different temporal modes. We achieve this by a magnetic field gradient, which induces an inhomogeneous broadening of the involved atomic hyperfine levels [5]. By employing this steering technique, combined with cavity-enhanced noise suppression and feed forward readout, we demonstrate distinguishable retrieval of up to 10 temporal modes. For each mode, we prove non-classical correlations between the first and second photon. Furthermore, an enhancement in rates of correlated photon-photon pairs is observed as we increase the number of temporal modes stored in the memory. The reported device is a crucial key element of a quantum repeater architecture implementing multiplexed quantum memories. [1] H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. Cirac and P. Zoller; Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5932 (1998) [2] C. Simon, H. de Riedmatten, M. Afzelius,N. Sangouard, H. Zbinden and N. Gisin; Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 190503 (2007) [3] C. Simon, H. de Riedmatten and M. Afzelius; Phys. Rev. A 82 010304(R) (2010) [4] L. Duan, M. Lukin, J. Cirac and P. Zoller, P; Nature 414 413 (2001) [5] B.Albrecht, P. Farrera, G. Heinze, M. Cristiani and H. de Riedmatten; Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 160501 (2015)
A source that can generate atom-photon quantum correlations or entanglement based on a quantum memory is a basic building block of quantum repeaters (QRs). To achieve high entanglement generation rates in ensemble-based QRs, spatial-, temporal-, and spectral-multimode memories are needed. Previous temporal-multimode memories are based on rephasing mechanisms in inhomogeneously broadened media. Here, by applying a train of write pulses in time, with each pulse coming from a different direction, to a homogeneously broadened atomic ensemble to induce Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller-like Raman processes, we prepare up to 19 pairs of modes, namely, one spin-wave mode and one photonic time bin. Spin-wave-photon (i.e., atom-photon) entanglement is probabilistically produced in these mode pairs. Based on the stored spin-wave modes together with feedforward-controlled readout, we build a temporally multiplexed source and then demonstrate an 18.8-fold increase in the probability of the generation of spin-wave-photon entanglement compared to the sources that use individual modes. The measured Bell parameter for the multiplexed source is $2.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, and the memory lifetime is 30 \ensuremath{\mu}s.
Practical realization of quantum repeaters requires quantum memories with high retrieval efficiency, multi-mode storage capacities, and long lifetimes. Here, we report a high-retrieval-efficiency and temporally multiplexed atom-photon entanglement source. A train of 12 write pulses in time is applied to a cold atomic ensemble along different directions, which generates temporally multiplexed pairs of Stokes photons and spin waves via Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller processes. The two arms of a polarization interferometer are used to encode photonic qubits of 12 Stokes temporal modes. The multiplexed spin-wave qubits, each of which is entangled with one Stokes qubit, are stored in a "clock" coherence. A ring cavity that resonates simultaneously with the two arms of the interferometer is used to enhance retrieval from the spin-wave qubits, with the intrinsic retrieval efficiency reaching 70.4%. The multiplexed source gives rise to a ∼12.1-fold increase in atom-photon entanglement-generation probability compared to the single-mode source. The measured Bell parameter for the multiplexed atom-photon entanglement is 2.21(2), along with a memory lifetime of up to ∼125 µs.
We propose a temporally multiplexed version of the Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller (DLCZ) quantum-repeater protocol using controlled inhomogeneous spin broadening in atomic gases. A first analysis suggests that the advantage of multiplexing is negated by noise due to spin-wave excitations corresponding to unobserved directions of Stokes photon emission. However, this problem can be overcome with the help of a moderate-finesse cavity which is in resonance with Stokes photons, but invisible to the anti-Stokes photons. Our proposal promises greatly enhanced quantum repeater performance with atomic gases.
Optical quantum memories are important devices in quantum information science. In particular, they are building blocks of quantum repeater architectures that have been proposed to increase the range of quantum communication beyond the limits set by losses in optical fibers. In this thesis, we report experiments with a quantum memory based on cold atoms. We focus on two important aspects relevant for using the memories as quantum repeater nodes: the connectivity to the optical fiber network, and the ability to operate in a time-multiplexed fashion. The core of the work presented in this thesis was the implementation of a quantum memory based on spontaneous Raman scattering, following the protocol of Duan, Lukin, Cirac and Zoller (DLCZ). The memory is implemented with a cold ensemble of 87Rb atoms loaded in a magneto optical trap. Single collective atomic spin excitations (spin-waves) are created in a heralded manner, before being retrieved by conversion into strongly non-classically correlated single photons. Our system showed measured second-order cross-correlation function values up to 200, an inferred intrinsic retrieval efficiency inside the science chamber up to 44%, and a memory lifetime up to 55 µs. Current realizations of DLCZ quantum memories present several limitations, reducing the maximum practical distance achievable for quantum repeaters based on these systems. We partially addressed two of them. The first one originates from high absorption in optical fibers at the operating wavelength of 780 nm. The second one is that current demonstrations only allow the creation of spin-waves in single temporal modes, limiting the entanglement generation rates in quantum repeaters protocols. A good solution to alleviate the first limitation is to translate the wavelength of the single photons to the telecom C-band, where absorption is minimal, while preserving their quantum characteristics. For this, we demonstrated an ultra-low-noise solid state photonic quantum interface based on an integrated-waveguide in a non-linear PPLN crystal. We converted heralded single photons emitted by the DLCZ quantum memory at 780 nm to the telecommunication wavelength of 1552 nm. We achieved a maximum signal-to-noise ratio of 80 for a mean input photon number of 1, allowing us to show significant non-classical correlations between the heralding and converted photons via the violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. To address the second limitation, we demonstrated the first experimental steps towards the realization of a temporally multiplexed DLCZ-type quantum repeater node. We showed active control of the spin-waves created in our quantum memory by means of an external magnetic field gradient inducing an inhomogeneous broadening of the atomic hyperfine levels. Acting on this gradient allows active dephasing and rephasing of individual spin-waves, enabling spin-wave creation in multiple temporal modes and read out a specific time-bin only. We showed that the active rephasing technique preserves the non-classical statistics of the heralded photons via the observation of anti-bunching. We then created spin-waves in two temporal modes and demonstrated selective read-out of only one of them with a selectivity up to 92%. All these results pave the way towards the realization of future temporally multiplexed quantum repeater nodes based on the DLCZ protocol. Les memòries quàntiques òptiques son dispositius importants en el camp científic de la informació quàntica. En particular, són peces fonamentals de les estructures de repetidors quàntics, les quals han estat proposades per tal d’incrementar la distància en la comunicació quàntica més enllà dels límits imposats per les pèrdues en fibres òptiques. En aquesta tesi mostrem experiments duts a terme amb una memòria quàntica basada en àtoms freds. Ens hem centrat en dos aspectes importants que són rellevants a l’hora d’usar les memòries com a nodes de repetidors quàntics: la connectivitat cap a la xarxa de fibres òptiques i l’habilitat d’operar amb multiplexació temporal. La part central del treball presentat en aquesta tesi és la implementació d’una memòria quàntica basada en la dispersió Raman espontània, seguint el protocol de Duan, Lukin, Cirac i Zoller (DLCZ). La memòria és implementada en un conjunt d’àtoms de 87Rb en una trampa òptico-magnètica. Excitacions individuals col·lectives d’espins atòmics (ones d’espín) són creades de manera anunciada, abans de ser recuperades en una conversió cap a fotons individuals amb fortes correlacions no-clàssiques. En el nostre sistema vam mostrar mesures de la funció de correlació creuada de segon ordre amb valors de fins a 200, una eficiència de recuperació intrínseca dins la cambra experimental de fins a un 44% i un temps de vida de la memòria de 55 µs. Les realitzacions actuals de memòries quàntiques DLCZ presenten varies limitacions, les quals redueixen la distància màxima que els repetidors quàntics basats en aquests sistemes poden assolir. Nosaltres n’hem adreçat parcialment dues d’elles. La primera és originada per l’alta absorció en fibres òptiques de la longitud d’ona de 780 nm. La segona té a veure amb el fet que altres experiments actuals només permeten la creació d’ones d’espín en un únic mode temporal, limitant el ritme de la generació d’entrellaçament en protocols de repetidors quàntics. Una bona solució per mitigar la primera limitació és traslladar la longitud d’ona dels fotons individuals, cap a la banda C de telecomunicacions en la que l’absorció és mínima, preservant les seves característiques quàntiques. Per això, vam demostrar l’operació d’una interfície fotònica quàntica d’estat sòlid amb un soroll ultra-baix basada en una guia d’ones integrada en un cristall PPLN. Vam convertir fotons individuals anunciats emesos per la memòria quàntica DLCZ a 780 nm cap a la longitud d¿ona de telecomunicacions de 1552 nm. Vam aconseguir una relació senyal-soroll màxima de 80 per a un nombre mitjà incident de fotons de 1, permetent-nos mostrar correlacions no-clàssiques significatives entre el fotó anunciat i el convertit, mitjançant la violació de la desigualtat de Cauchy-Schwarz. Per tal d’adreçar la segona limitació, vam demostrar els primers passos experimentals cap a la realització d’un node de repetidor quàntic de tipus DLCZ amb multiplexació temporal. Vam mostrar el control actiu d’ones d’espín creades a la nostra memòria quàntica, utilitzant un gradient de camp magnètic extern que indueix un eixamplament inhomogeni dels nivells atòmics hiperfins. Actuar en aquest gradient permet el desfasament i refasament actiu d’ones d’espín individuals, permetent crear ones d’espín en múltiples modes temporals i llegir només un mode temporal específic. Vam mostrar que la tècnica de refasament actiu preserva les estadístiques no-clàssiques dels fotons anunciats a través de l’observació d’anti-agrupament. Seguidament vam crear ones d'espín en dos modes temporals i vam demostrar la lectura selectiva de només un mode amb una selectivitat de fins a un 92%. Tots aquest resultats obren la porta a la realització de futurs nodes de repetidors quàntics amb multiplexació temporal basats en el protocol DLCZ.
We demonstrate active control of inhomogeneous dephasing and rephasing for single collective atomic spin excitations (spin waves) created by spontaneous Raman scattering in a quantum memory based on cold 87Rb atoms. The control is provided by a reversible external magnetic field gradient inducing an inhomogeneous broadening of the atomic hyperfine levels. We demonstrate experimentally that active rephasing preserves the single photon nature of the retrieved photons. Finally, we show that the control of the inhomogeneous dephasing enables the creation of time-separated spin waves in a single ensemble followed by a selective read-out in time. This is an important step towards the implementation of a functional temporally multiplexed quantum repeater node.