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arXiv:2002.09662 · New Journal of Physics

Theory of multiple quantum coherence signals in dilute thermal gases

Benedikt Ames, Edoardo G. Carnio, Vyacheslav Shatokhin, Andreas Buchleitner

Published Dec 7, 2021• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract Manifestations of dipole–dipole interactions in dilute thermal gases are difficult to sense because of strong inhomogeneous broadening. Recent experiments reported signatures of such interactions in fluorescence detection-based measurements of multiple quantum coherence (MQC) signals, with many characteristic features hitherto unexplained. We develop an original open quantum systems theory of MQC in dilute thermal gases, which allows us to resolve this conundrum. Our theory accounts for the vector character of the atomic dipoles as well as for driving laser pulses of arbitrary strength, includes the far-field coupling between the dipoles, which prevails in dilute ensembles, and effectively incorporates atomic motion via a disorder average. We show that collective decay processes—which were ignored in previous treatments employing the electrostatic form of dipolar interactions—play a key role in the emergence of MQC signals.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/ac4054

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Abstract Manifestations of dipole–dipole interactions in dilute thermal gases are difficult to sense because of strong inhomogeneous broadening. Recent experiments reported signatures of such interactions in fluorescence detection-based measurements of multiple quantum coherence (MQC) signals, with many characteristic features hitherto unexplained. We develop an original open quantum systems theory of MQC in dilute thermal gases, which allows us to resolve this conundrum. Our theory accounts for the vector character of the atomic dipoles as well as for driving laser pulses of arbitrary strength, includes the far-field coupling between the dipoles, which prevails in dilute ensembles, and effectively incorporates atomic motion via a disorder average. We show that collective decay processes—which were ignored in previous treatments employing the electrostatic form of dipolar interactions—play a key role in the emergence of MQC signals.
Long-range interparticle interactions are revealed in extremely dilute thermal atomic ensembles using highly sensitive nonlinear femtosecond spectroscopy. Delocalized excitons are detected in the atomic systems at particle densities where the mean interatomic distance (>10 μm) is much greater than the laser wavelength and multi-particle coherences should destructively interfere over the ensemble average. With a combined experimental and theoretical analysis, we identify an effective interaction mechanism, presumably of dipolar nature, as the origin of the excitonic signals. Our study implies that even in highly-dilute thermal atom ensembles, significant transition dipole-dipole interaction networks may form that require advanced modeling beyond the nearest neighbor approximation to quantitatively capture the details of their many-body properties.
We investigate the coherence of correlated dipolar gas in the presence of disorder within a three-site Bose–Hubbard model. We show that the interplay between the on-site interaction, the inter-site dipole–dipole interactions (DDI) and the disorder exhibits new and interesting coherence characters that cannot take place in a non-dipolar system. The ratio between the on-site interaction and DDI plays a dominant role in the phase coherence. The resonance character of the coherence against both disorder and interactions emerges. DDI can enhance the coherence at certain values of the disorder and on-site interaction. In the coherence region, the enhancement of the coherence by disorder in a dipolar system is more significant than that in a non-dipolar system. In particular, the on-site interaction and DDI together can enhance the coherence even in the clean dipolar system (i.e. a dipolar system without disorder). However, without the on-site interaction, disorder, DDI or both together suppress the coherence. Furthermore, the relationship between the coherence and the energy gap and the compressibility of the system is also discussed.
This paper reviews the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of ultra-cold gases made of bosonic particles interacting via the long-range, anisotropic dipole–dipole interaction, in addition to the short-range and isotropic contact interaction usually at work in ultra-cold gases. The specific properties emerging from the dipolar interaction are emphasized, from the mean-field regime valid for dilute Bose–Einstein condensates, to the strongly correlated regimes reached for dipolar bosons in optical lattices.
Abstract. This article reviews the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of ultracold gases made of bosonic particles interacting via the longrange, anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction, in addition to the short-range and isotropic contact interaction usually at work in ultracold gases. The specific properties emerging from the dipolar interaction are emphasized, from the meanfield regime valid for dilute Bose-Einstein condensates, to the strongly correlated regimes reached for dipolar bosons in optical lattices. CONTENTS 2 Contents 1
We analyze the scattering of light from dipolar emitters whose disordered positions exhibit correlations induced by static, long-range dipole-dipole interactions. The quantum-mechanical position correlations are calculated for zero-temperature bosonic atoms or molecules using variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo methods. For stationary atoms in dense ensembles in the limit of low light intensity, the simulations yield solutions for the optical responses to all orders of position correlation functions that involve electronic ground and excited states. We calculate how coherent and incoherent scattering, collective linewidths, line shifts, and eigenmodes, and disorder-induced excitation localization are influenced by the static interactions and the density. We find that dominantly repulsive static interactions in strongly confined oblate and prolate traps introduce short-range ordering among the dipoles, which curtails large fluctuations in the light-mediated resonant dipole-dipole interactions. This typically results in an increase in coherent reflection and optical depth, accompanied by reduced incoherent scattering. The presence of static dipolar interactions permits the highly selective excitation of subradiant eigenmodes in dense clouds. This effect becomes even more pronounced in a prolate trap, where the resonances narrow below the natural linewidth. When the static dipolar interactions affect the optical transition frequencies, the ensemble exhibits inhomogeneous broadening due to the nonuniformly experienced static dipolar interactions that suppress cooperative effects, but we argue that, e.g., for Dy atoms such inhomogeneous broadening is negligible. Published by the American Physical Society 2024