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arXiv:2002.04139 · Physical Review Letters

Jet Substructure in Fireworks Emission from Nonuniform and Rotating Bose-Einstein Condensates

Han Fu, Zhendong Zhang, Kai-Xuan Yao, Lei Feng, J. Yoo, Logan W. Clark, Kathryn Levin, Cheng Chin

Published Oct 30, 2020• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We show that jet emission from a Bose condensate with periodically driven interactions, also known as "Bose fireworks", contains essential information on the condensate wave function, which is difficult to obtain using standard detection methods. We illustrate the underlying physics with two examples. When condensates acquire phase patterns from external potentials or from vortices, the jets display novel substructure, such as oscillations or spirals, in their correlations. Through a comparison of theory, numerical simulations, and experiments, we show how one can quantitatively extract the phase and the helicity of a condensate from the emission pattern. Our work, demonstrating the strong link between jet emission and the underlying quantum system, bears on the recent emphasis on jet substructure in particle physics.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.125.183003

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We show that jet emission from a Bose condensate with periodically driven interactions, also known as "Bose fireworks", contains essential information on the condensate wave function, which is difficult to obtain using standard detection methods. We illustrate the underlying physics with two examples. When condensates acquire phase patterns from external potentials or from vortices, the jets display novel substructure, such as oscillations or spirals, in their correlations. Through a comparison of theory, numerical simulations, and experiments, we show how one can quantitatively extract the phase and the helicity of a condensate from the emission pattern. Our work, demonstrating the strong link between jet emission and the underlying quantum system, bears on the recent emphasis on jet substructure in particle physics.
A Bose condensate, subject to periodic modulation of the two-body interactions, was recently observed to emit matter-wave jets resembling fireworks [Nature (London) 551, 356 (2017)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature24272]. In this Letter, combining experiment with numerical simulation, we demonstrate that these "Bose fireworks" represent a late stage in a complex time evolution of the driven condensate. We identify a "density wave" stage which precedes jet emission and results from the interference of matter waves. The density waves self-organize and self-amplify without breaking long range translational symmetry. This density wave structure deterministically establishes the template for the subsequent patterns of the emitted jets. Moreover, our simulations, in good agreement with experiment, address an apparent asymmetry in the jet pattern, and show that it is fully consistent with momentum conservation.
Emission of matter wave jets has been recently observed in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a cylindrical box potential, induced by a periodically modulated inter-particle interaction (Nature {\bf 551}, 356 (2017)). In this letter we apply the number-conserving time-dependent Bogoliubov theory to study the highly non-equilibrium quantum dynamics in this system. Without any fitting parameter, our theoretical calculations on the dynamics of the jet emission and the angular density correlation are in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements. In particular, our theory interprets the angular density correlation of the jets as the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss effect between the excited quasi-particles with different angular momenta, and this explains the puzzling observation of the asymmetric density correlations between the jets with the same and opposite momenta. We also analytically show that the number of atoms in the jet emission increases quadratically at early times and is followed by an exponential growth at later times.
The understanding of quantum many-body physics is the key to develop new quantum technologies including novel quantum materials, high-precision sensors, and quantum computers. However, understanding the general quantum many-body physics is extremely difficult, particularly when such systems are driven far from an equilibrium state. Ultracold atoms, a clean, fully controllable, and coherent quantum many-body systems can provide useful insights into the fundamental properties of quantum matter. This thesis discusses experiments on studying nonequilibrium dynamics in driven ultracold bosonic atoms with fantastic static and dynamical controls of the inter-particle interactions through Feshbach resonances and external trapping potentials using optical lattices and digital micromirror device (DMD). With this versatile apparatus, we first study the critical dynamics across a quantum phase transition in shaken optical lattices. Across a ferromagnetic transition where the Z2\mathbb{Z}_2Z2​ inversion symmetry is broken, we are interested in how the system evolves toward the new ground states generally with a different symmetry. Utilizing the phase imprinting technique with DMD, we show that the macroscopic coherence is maintained across the phase transition, the system undergoes a coherent population transfer of particles toward lower energy states and quantum fluctuations determine the domain structure but do not destroy the macroscopic coherence. We then present the complex correlations rising from the matter-wave version of a high-harmonic generation with oscillating interaction. This high-harmonic generation of matterwave is a result of stimulated secondary collisions. The stimulated primary collisions, two condensate atoms collide absorbing one energy quantum from the oscillating field, give rise to the first observation of Bose fireworks. The scattered atoms from the primary collisions can further collide with each other or the ground-state atoms from the condensate and such secondary collisions promote atoms to higher momentum modes. Moreover, we show the density-wave dynamics prior to the jets emission within the condensate with oscillating interactions and explain the asymmetry in the jets emission pattern based on near-field interference. Besides, we further demonstrate the spatial and temporal phase coherence of the emitted jets using matter-wave interference and connect our matter-wave jets emission to the famous Unruh radiation in relativistic physics.
In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in the field of quantum many-body physics. Understanding the complex and often unintuitive behavior of systems containing interacting quantum constituents is not only fascinating but also crucial for developing the next generation of quantum technology, including better materials, sensors, and computers. Yet understanding such systems remains a challenge, particularly when considering the dynamics which occur when they are excited far from equilibrium. Ultracold atomic gases provide an ideal system with which to study dynamics by enabling clean, well-controlled experiments at length- and time-scales which allow us to observe the dynamics directly. ,This thesis describes experiments on the many-body dynamics of ultracold, bosonic cesium atoms. Our apparatus epitomizes the versatility of ultracold atoms by providing extensive control over the quantum gas. In particular, we will discuss our use of a digital micromirror device to project arbitrary, dynamic external potentials onto the gas; our development of a powerful new scheme for optically controlling Feshbach resonances to enable spatiotemporal control of the interactions between atoms; and our use of near-resonant shaking lattices to modify the kinetic energy of atoms.,Taking advantage of this flexible apparatus, we have been able to test a longstanding conjecture based on the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, which says that the dynamics of a system crossing a quantum phase transition should obey a universal scaling symmetry of space and time. After accounting for this scaling symmetry, critical dynamics would be essentially independent of the rate at which a system crossed a phase transition. We tested the universal scaling of critical dynamics by using near-resonant shaking to drive Bose-Einstein condensates across an effectively ferromagnetic quantum phase transition. After crossing the phase transition, condensates divide themselves spatially into domains with finite quasimomentum. We measured the growth of these domains over time and the correlation functions describing their spatial distribution by directly reconstructing the quasimomentum distribution. We observed the expected scaling laws across more than an order of magnitude in the crossing rate, aside from which the observed critical dynamics were indeed independent of the crossing rate. These experiments provide strong support for the universal scaling symmetry of space and time and the extension of the Kibble-Zurek mechanism to quantum phase transitions.,We also present the first observation of Bose Fireworks: the sudden emission of many bright, narrow jets of atoms from condensates with oscillating interaction strength. Even though the underlying inelastic s-wave collisions induced by oscillating interactions are isotropic, the collective nature of collisions in the condensate causes the outgoing bosonic atoms to bunch into narrow jets in the horizontal plane. This bunching results from runaway stimulated collisions, which we find can only occur above a threshold oscillation amplitude. The observed atom number in the jets suggests that they are seeded by quantum fluctuations. Moreover, in azimuthal correlation functions we observe forward correlations consistent with theory, which saturate the limit from the uncertainty principle. We also observe partial correlation between counterpropagating jets. Bose Fireworks provide a well-controlled platform for understanding the diverse class of systems in which a coherent source rapidly emits pairs of counterpropagating bosons.
Emission of matter-wave jets has been recently observed in a Bose-Einstein condensate confined by a cylindrical box potential, induced by a periodically modulated interparticle interaction [L. W. Clark et al., Nature (London) 551, 356 (2017)]. In this paper we apply the time-dependent Bogoliubov theory to study the quantum dynamics and the correlation effects observed in this highly nonequilibrium phenomenon. Without any fitting parameter, our theoretical calculations on the number of ejected atoms and the angular density correlations are in excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental measurements. The exponential growth in time of the ejected atoms can be understood in terms of a dynamical instability associated with the modulation of the interaction. We interpret the angular density correlation of the jets as the Hanbury Brown--Twiss effect between the excited quasiparticles with different angular momenta, and our theory explains the puzzling observation of the asymmetric density correlations between the jets with the same and opposite momenta. Our theory can also identify the main factors that control the height and width of the peaks in the density correlation function, which can be directly verified in future experiments.
We report the observation of matter-wave jet emission in a strongly ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensate of ^{7}Li atoms. Directional atomic beams with |F=1,m_{F}=1⟩ and |F=1,m_{F}=-1⟩ spin states are generated from |F=1,m_{F}=0⟩ state condensates or vice versa. This results from collective spin-mixing scattering events, where spontaneously produced pairs of atoms with opposite momentum facilitates additional spin-mixing collisions as they pass through the condensates. The matter-wave jets of different spin states (|F=1,m_{F}=±1⟩) can be a macroscopic Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state with spacelike separation. Its spin-momentum correlations are studied by using the angular correlation function for each spin state. Rotating the spin axis, the inter- and intraspin-momentum correlation peaks display a high-contrast oscillation, indicating collective coherence of the atomic ensembles. We provide numerical calculations that describe the experimental results at a quantitative level. Our Letter paves the way to generating macroscopic quantum entanglement with the spin and motional degree of freedom with massive particles. It has a wide range of applications from quantum information science to the fundamental studies of quantum entanglement.