Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2002.02009 · Physical Review Letters

Production of HD Molecules in Definite Hyperfine Substates

R. Engels, K. Grigoryev, Chrysovalantis S. Kannis, Y. Michael, H. Ströher, V. Verhoeven, M. Büscher, Lukas Huxold, L. Kochenda, P. A. Kravtsov, V.A. Trofimov, A. Vasilyev, Взнуздаев Марат Евгеньевич

Published Mar 18, 2020• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Polarized atomic beam sources have been in operation for many years to produce either nuclear polarized atomic hydrogen or deuterium beams. In recent experiments, such a source was used to polarize both isotopes independently at the same time. By recombination of the atoms, hydrogen-deuterium molecules with all possible nuclear spin combinations can be created. Those spin isomers are useful for further applications, like precision spectroscopy, as polarized targets for laser-particle acceleration, polarized fuel for fusion reactors, or as an option for future measurements of electric dipole moments.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.124.113003

Related papers

Production of polarized molecules of hydrogen isotopes

Dmitri K. Toporkov, A. V. Gramolin, S. A. Zevakov +4 more

The possibility of producing polarized molecules of hydrogen isotopes by their spin separation in the inhomogeneous field of superconducting magnets has been demonstrated. This method proposed in our previous works has been implemented with a source of polarized atoms developed at the Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics. The measured flux of polarized molecules is compared with the simulation results. The possibility of developing a more intense source of polarized molecules is discussed.

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters•Mar 1, 2017•4 citations

Polarization of deuterium molecules

J. F. J. van den Brand, Henk Jan Bulten, M. Ferro-Luzzi +15 more

For molecular systems, spin relaxation is expected to be suppressed compared to the case of atoms, since the paired electrons in a hydrogen or deuterium molecule are chemically stable, and only weakly interact with the spin of the nucleus. Such systems would be largely insensitive to polarization losses due to spin-exchange collisions, to the interaction of the electron spins with external fields (e.g. the RF-field of a bunched charged-particle beam), and/or to the presence of container walls. Here, we discuss the results of a recent experiment where we obtained evidence that nuclear polarization is maintained, when polarized atoms recombine to molecules on a copper surface (in a magnetic field of 23 mT and at a density of about 1012 molecules⋅cm−3).

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 1998•0 citations

Laser pumped spin-exchange sources for polarized hydrogen or deuterium atomic beams

Jürgen Wilbert, K. Rith

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft•Jan 1, 2003•0 citations

Nuclear spin polarized H and D by means of spin-exchange optical pumping

J. Stenger, C. Großhauser, Wolfgang Kilian +4 more

Optically pumped spin-exchange sources for polarized hydrogen and deuterium atoms have been demonstrated to yield high atomic flow and high electron spin polarization. For maximum nuclear polarization the source has to be operated in spin temperature equilibrium, which has already been demonstrated for hydrogen. In spin temperature equilibrium the nuclear spin polarization PI equals the electron spin polarization PS for hydrogen and is even larger than PS for deuterium. We discuss the general properties of spin temperature equilibrium for a sample of deuterium atoms. One result are the equations PI=4PS/(3+PS2) and Pzz=PS⋅PI, where Pzz is the nuclear tensor polarization. Furthermore we demonstrate that the deuterium atoms from our source are in spin temperature equilibrium within the experimental accuracy.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 1998•2 citations

Spin-polarized hydrogen and its isotopes: A rich class of quantum phases (Review Article)

I. Bešlić, Leandra Vranješ Markić, Jordi Boronat

We review the recent activity in the theoretical description of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and its isotopes at very low temperatures. Spin-polarized hydrogen is the only system in nature that remains stable in the gas phase even in the zero temperature limit due to its small mass and weak interatomic interaction. Hydrogen and its heavier isotope tritium are bosons, the heavier mass of tritium producing a self-bound (liquid) system at zero temperature. The other isotope, deuterium, is a fermion with nuclear spin one making possible the study of three different quantum systems depending on the population of the three degenerate spin states. From the theoretical point of view, spin-polarized hydrogen is specially appealing because its interatomic potential is very accurately known making possible its precise quantum many-body study. The experimental study of atomic hydrogen has been very difficult due to its high recombination rate, but it finally led to its Bose-Einstein condensate state in 1998. Degeneracy has also been observed in thin films of hydrogen adsorbed on the 4He surface allowing for the possibility of observing the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless superfluid transition.

Low Temperature Physics•Oct 1, 2013•9 citations

Development of a complete spin filter for metastable hydrogen atoms and its isotopes

Nicolas Faatz, R. Engels, Chrysovalantis S. Kannis +2 more

Since the early days of quantum mechanics, hydrogen, as the simplest of all atoms, has been studied or used to investigate new physics. In the past this knowledge has been applied to develop a polarimeter where the initial nuclear polarization of a proton beam could be determined. The key component of this Lamb-shift polarimeter is the so called spin filter, which is able to separate one of four metastable hydrogen hyperfine states by quenching the remaining three hyperfine states to the ground state. Unfortunately, the conventional spin filter is only able to filter two out of the four hyperfine states individually. Therefore, this work provides the necessary theory as well as experimental conditions to build a new generation of spin filter which permits the separation and transmission of any metastable hydrogen hyperfine state as well as for its isotopes in a corresponding beam. This knowledge is applicable for other experiments in different fields of research, e.g. the bound beta decay, axion research or parity violation experiments.

Physics Open•Dec 18, 2024•1 citation
Polarized atomic beam sources have been in operation for many years to produce either nuclear polarized atomic hydrogen or deuterium beams. In recent experiments, such a source was used to polarize both isotopes independently at the same time. By recombination of the atoms, hydrogen-deuterium molecules with all possible nuclear spin combinations can be created. Those spin isomers are useful for further applications, like precision spectroscopy, as polarized targets for laser-particle acceleration, polarized fuel for fusion reactors, or as an option for future measurements of electric dipole moments.
For molecular systems, spin relaxation is expected to be suppressed compared to the case of atoms, since the paired electrons in a hydrogen or deuterium molecule are chemically stable, and only weakly interact with the spin of the nucleus. Such systems would be largely insensitive to polarization losses due to spin-exchange collisions, to the interaction of the electron spins with external fields (e.g. the RF-field of a bunched charged-particle beam), and/or to the presence of container walls. Here, we discuss the results of a recent experiment where we obtained evidence that nuclear polarization is maintained, when polarized atoms recombine to molecules on a copper surface (in a magnetic field of 23 mT and at a density of about 1012 molecules⋅cm−3).
Optically pumped spin-exchange sources for polarized hydrogen and deuterium atoms have been demonstrated to yield high atomic flow and high electron spin polarization. For maximum nuclear polarization the source has to be operated in spin temperature equilibrium, which has already been demonstrated for hydrogen. In spin temperature equilibrium the nuclear spin polarization PI equals the electron spin polarization PS for hydrogen and is even larger than PS for deuterium. We discuss the general properties of spin temperature equilibrium for a sample of deuterium atoms. One result are the equations PI=4PS/(3+PS2) and Pzz=PS⋅PI, where Pzz is the nuclear tensor polarization. Furthermore we demonstrate that the deuterium atoms from our source are in spin temperature equilibrium within the experimental accuracy.
We review the recent activity in the theoretical description of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and its isotopes at very low temperatures. Spin-polarized hydrogen is the only system in nature that remains stable in the gas phase even in the zero temperature limit due to its small mass and weak interatomic interaction. Hydrogen and its heavier isotope tritium are bosons, the heavier mass of tritium producing a self-bound (liquid) system at zero temperature. The other isotope, deuterium, is a fermion with nuclear spin one making possible the study of three different quantum systems depending on the population of the three degenerate spin states. From the theoretical point of view, spin-polarized hydrogen is specially appealing because its interatomic potential is very accurately known making possible its precise quantum many-body study. The experimental study of atomic hydrogen has been very difficult due to its high recombination rate, but it finally led to its Bose-Einstein condensate state in 1998. Degeneracy has also been observed in thin films of hydrogen adsorbed on the 4He surface allowing for the possibility of observing the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless superfluid transition.
Since the early days of quantum mechanics, hydrogen, as the simplest of all atoms, has been studied or used to investigate new physics. In the past this knowledge has been applied to develop a polarimeter where the initial nuclear polarization of a proton beam could be determined. The key component of this Lamb-shift polarimeter is the so called spin filter, which is able to separate one of four metastable hydrogen hyperfine states by quenching the remaining three hyperfine states to the ground state. Unfortunately, the conventional spin filter is only able to filter two out of the four hyperfine states individually. Therefore, this work provides the necessary theory as well as experimental conditions to build a new generation of spin filter which permits the separation and transmission of any metastable hydrogen hyperfine state as well as for its isotopes in a corresponding beam. This knowledge is applicable for other experiments in different fields of research, e.g. the bound beta decay, axion research or parity violation experiments.