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arXiv:2002.00464 · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)

Full-Blind Delegating Private Quantum Computation

Wen Jie Liu, Zhen-Yu Chen, Jin-Suo Liu, Zhaofeng Su, Lianhua Chi

Published Feb 2, 2020• 35 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The delegating private quantum computation (DQC) protocol with the universal quantum gate set $\left\{ {X,Z,H,P,R,CNOT} \right\}$ was firstly proposed by Broadbent \emph{et al.}, and then Tan \emph{et al.} tried to put forward an half-blind DQC protocol (HDQC) with another universal set $\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}$. However, the decryption circuit of \emph{Toffoli} gate (i.e., \emph{T}) is a little redundant, and Tan \emph{et al}.'s protocol exists the information leak. In addition, both of these two protocols just focus on the blindness of data (i.e., the client's input and output), but do not consider the blindness of computation (i.e., the delegated quantum operation). For solving these problems, we propose a full-blind DQC protocol (FDQC) with quantum gate set $\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}$ , where the desirable delegated quantum operation, one of $\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}$ , is replaced by a fixed sequence $\left \{ {H,P,T,CZ,CNOT} \right\}$ to make the computation blind, and the decryption circuit of \emph{Toffoli} gate is also optimized. Analysis shows that our protocol can not only correctly perform any delegated quantum computation, but also holds the characteristics of data blindness and computation blindness.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2002.00464

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The delegating private quantum computation (DQC) protocol with the universal quantum gate set {X,Z,H,P,R,CNOT}\left\{ {X,Z,H,P,R,CNOT} \right\}{X,Z,H,P,R,CNOT} was firstly proposed by Broadbent \emph{et al.}, and then Tan \emph{et al.} tried to put forward an half-blind DQC protocol (HDQC) with another universal set {H,P,CNOT,T}\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}{H,P,CNOT,T}. However, the decryption circuit of \emph{Toffoli} gate (i.e., \emph{T}) is a little redundant, and Tan \emph{et al}.'s protocol exists the information leak. In addition, both of these two protocols just focus on the blindness of data (i.e., the client's input and output), but do not consider the blindness of computation (i.e., the delegated quantum operation). For solving these problems, we propose a full-blind DQC protocol (FDQC) with quantum gate set {H,P,CNOT,T}\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}{H,P,CNOT,T} , where the desirable delegated quantum operation, one of {H,P,CNOT,T}\left\{ {H,P,CNOT,T} \right\}{H,P,CNOT,T} , is replaced by a fixed sequence {H,P,T,CZ,CNOT}\left \{ {H,P,T,CZ,CNOT} \right\}{H,P,T,CZ,CNOT} to make the computation blind, and the decryption circuit of \emph{Toffoli} gate is also optimized. Analysis shows that our protocol can not only correctly perform any delegated quantum computation, but also holds the characteristics of data blindness and computation blindness.
Blind quantum computation (BQC) protocol allows a client having partial quantum ability to delegate his quantum computation to a remote quantum server without leaking any information about the input, the output and the intended computation to the server. Several BQC protocols have been proposed, e.g., Li et al. in [1] proposed a triple-server BQC protocol and Xu et al. in [2] proposed a single-server BQC protocol. Though both papers claimed that their protocols can satisfy the requirement of privacy, this paper points out a security loophole in their protocols. With that the server can reveal the private information of the client.
Universal blind quantum computation allows a client who has limited quantum abilities to delegate his or her private computation to an untrusted quantum server. The first universal blind quantum computation protocol was proposed by Broadbent, Fitzsimons, and Kashefi. In their work the computation resource is the so-called brickwork state, which can be constructed by a number of specific single qubits. The number of single qubits is in theory linearly related to the size of the quantum circuit. However, due to the fixed structure of the brickwork states, the actual number of qubits is usually far more than the linear size. In this work we mainly construct three improved brickwork states whose structures are no longer fixed, thus they can efficiently reduce the client's qubit consumption. Using those improved brickwork states we propose a class of efficient universal blind quantum computation protocols. In our basic protocol, to implement a single-qubit basic gate the client needs to prepare only two ancillary qubits, while in the original protocol it will consume four ancillary qubits. Making use of our improved brickwork states the qubit consumption of implementing a nonadjacent two-qubit gate such as a control-XXX gate can be sharply reduced.
Delegated quantum computing (DQC) enables limited clients to perform operations that are outside their capabilities remotely on a quantum server. Protocols for DQC are usually set up in the measurement-based quantum computation framework, as this allows for a natural separation of the different parts of the computation between the client and the server. The existing protocols achieve several desired properties, including the security of inputs, the blindness of computation and its verifiability, and have also recently been extended to the multiparty setting. Two approaches are followed in DQC that demand completely different operations on the clients' side. In one, the clients are able to prepare quantum states, in the other, the clients are able to measure them. In this work, we provide a novel stringent definition of the equivalence of protocols and show that these distinct DQC settings are, in fact, equivalent in this sense. We use the abstract cryptography framework to prove our claims and provide a novel technique that enables changing from one setting to the other. In this way, we demonstrate that both approaches can be used to perform tasks with the same properties. I.e., using our proposed techniques, we can always translate from one setting to the other. We finally use our results to propose a hybrid-client model for DQC.
Abstract Blind quantum computation enables a client with limited quantum capabilities to delegate a powerful quantum computer for performing confidential quantum computation. This paper identifies a security loophole in the initial universal half-blind quantum computation protocol and resolves it using operation teleportation. Simultaneously, to minimize quantum resource consumption for both the client and the server, the proposed protocol relies on the universal gate set H, T, and CX, and only necessitates the client’s ability to prepare qubits in the eigenstates of Pauli gates X and Y or measure qubits based on these gates. Finally, a sample example is provided to illustrate the proposed protocol effectively.
Blind quantum computation (BQC) allows that a client who has limited quantum abilities can delegate quantum computation to a server who has advanced quantum technologies but learns nothing about the client's private information. However, it still remains a challenge to directly encrypt quantum algorithms in circuits model. To solve the problem, we propose GTUBQC, the first gate teleportation-based universal BQC protocol. In this paper, we consider a scenario where a trusted center is responsible for preparing initial states, a client with the ability to perform X, Z does not require any quantum memory, and two servers conducting UBQC (universal BQC) and Bell measurements. GTUBQC can hide the universal quantum gates by encrypting the rotation angles, because arbitrary unitary operation can be decomposed into a combination of arbitrary rotation operators. We prove the blindness and correctness of GTUBQC, and apply our approach to other types of computational tasks, such as quantum Fourier transform.
Abstract Quantum computing on encrypted data allows a client who has limited quantum capacity to delegate his or her private computation to an untrusted quantum server, while the input and output are encrypted by the quantum one-time pad and only the client can correctly decrypt them. Generally, the client is required to have ability to prepare some single qubits and perform some basic gates. In this work, we consider a further restricted situation where the client can only prepare one single qubit and perform one basic gate. Specifically, we show that as long as the client can prepare a fixed qubit and perform a fixed phase gate P , then he or she can still achieve the secure delegated quantum computation. Besides, our protocol can provide a more rigorous security for any quantum computation. For example, even if some encryption keys about the computation are leaked, it can still guarantee the privacy of the input and output. Finally, our protocol experimentally has a great significance in reducing the device complexity of the client's side.