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arXiv:2001.05377 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Density matrix renormalization group study of nematicity in two dimensions: Application to a spin-1 bilinear-biquadratic model on the square lattice

Wen-Jun Hu, Shou-Shu Gong, Hsin-Hua Lai, Qimiao Si A, Elbio R. Dagotto

Published Jan 15, 2020• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Nematic order is an exotic property observed in several strongly correlated systems, such as iron-based superconductors. Using large-scale density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) techniques, we study at zero temperature the nematic spin liquid that competes with spin dipolar and quadrupolar orders. We use these nematic orders to characterize different quantum phases and quantum phase transitions. More specifically, we study a spin-1 bilinear-biquadratic Heisenberg model on the square lattice with couplings beyond nearest neighbors. We focus on parameter regions around the highly symmetric $SU(3)$ point where the bilinear and biquadratic interactions are equal. With growing further-neighbor biquadratic interactions, we identify different spin dipolar and quadrupolar orders. We find that the DMRG results for cylindrical geometries correctly detect nematicity in different quantum states and accurately characterize the quantum phase transitions among them. Therefore, spin-driven nematicity, here defined as the spontaneous breaking of the lattice invariance under a ${90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ rotation, is an order parameter which can be studied directly in DMRG calculations in two dimensions in different quantum states.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.101.014421

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•Sep 28, 2017•0 citations
Nematic order is an exotic property observed in several strongly correlated systems, such as iron-based superconductors. Using large-scale density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) techniques, we study at zero temperature the nematic spin liquid that competes with spin dipolar and quadrupolar orders. We use these nematic orders to characterize different quantum phases and quantum phase transitions. More specifically, we study a spin-1 bilinear-biquadratic Heisenberg model on the square lattice with couplings beyond nearest neighbors. We focus on parameter regions around the highly symmetric SU(3)SU(3)SU(3) point where the bilinear and biquadratic interactions are equal. With growing further-neighbor biquadratic interactions, we identify different spin dipolar and quadrupolar orders. We find that the DMRG results for cylindrical geometries correctly detect nematicity in different quantum states and accurately characterize the quantum phase transitions among them. Therefore, spin-driven nematicity, here defined as the spontaneous breaking of the lattice invariance under a 90\ensuremath∘{90}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}90\ensuremath∘ rotation, is an order parameter which can be studied directly in DMRG calculations in two dimensions in different quantum states.
Frustration in quantum spin systems promote a variety of novel quantum phases. An important example is the frustrated spin-1 model on the square lattice with the nearest-neighbor bilinear (J1{J}_{1}J1​) and biquadratic (K1{K}_{1}K1​) interactions. We provide strong evidence for a nematic spin liquid phase in a range of K1/J1{K}_{1}/{J}_{1}K1​/J1​ near the SU(3)-symmetric point (J1=K1{J}_{1}={K}_{1}J1​=K1​), based on the linear flavor-wave theory and extensive density matrix renormalization group calculation. This phase displays no spin dipolar or quadrupolar order, preserves translational symmetry but spontaneously breaks C4{C}_{4}C4​ lattice rotational symmetry, and possesses fluctuations peaked at the wave vector $(\ensuremath{\pi},2\ensuremath{\pi}/3)$. The spin excitation gap drops rapidly with system size and appears to be gapless, and the nematic order is attributed to the dominant $(\ensuremath{\pi},2\ensuremath{\pi}/3)$ fluctuations. Our results provide a novel mechanism for electronic nematic order and, more generally, open up a new avenue to explore frustration-induced exotic ground states.
We investigate a highly frustrated spin-1 model on the triangular lattice, with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic $S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S$ interactions and nearest-neighbor ${(S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}S)}^{2}$ interactions. Using the density matrix renormalization group technique, we find three magnetically ordered phases, namely ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ spiral order, stripe order, and tetrahedral order, as well as two spin nematic phases: ferroquadrupolar and antiferroquadrupolar. While our data could be consistent with a spin liquid phase between the ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ spiral and antiferroquadrupolar orders, the more likely scenario is a direct continuous transition between these two orders.
The generation of nonuniform quadrupole states plays a crucial role in understanding various fascinating phenomena observed in the advancement of several research areas, e.g., multiferroic compounds, nonmagnetic superconductors, etc. In this work, we investigate the ground-state phase diagram of a generalized spin-3/2 bilinear-biquadratic-bicubic Heisenberg chain in the representation of multipolar operators. By numerical simulations with the large-scale density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, we successfully identify a tetramerization phase and a stripe-Q phase. These phases are characterized by the emergence of nonuniform quadrupole orders resulting from the spontaneous breaking of translation symmetry. In particular, tetramerization phase refers to the quadrupole operators take a four-cycle, while the stripe-Q phase represents a striped pattern in quadrupole operators. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) model with level k = 1 at the transition point between the dimerized (DM) phase and the Luttinger liquid (LL) phase, based on strong numerical findings.
We study numerically the ground-state phase diagram of the bilinear-biquadratic spin-1 chain near the ferromagnetic instability point, where the existence of a gapped or gapless nondimerized quantum nematic phase has been suggested. Our results, obtained by a highly accurate density-matrix renormalization-group calculation, are consistent with the view that the order parameter characterizing the dimer phase vanishes only at the point where the system becomes ferromagnetic, although the existence of a gapped or gapless nondimerized phase in a very narrow parameter range between the ferromagnetic and the dimerized regimes cannot be ruled out.
Higher-spin materials can host exotic quantum phases with no counterparts in familiar spin-\textonehalf{} systems. Using density matrix renormalization group calculations, the authors chart here the phase diagram of a spin-1 bilinear-biquadratic-Kitaev chain and reveal two Kitaev-driven phases. A Kitaev nematic phase emerges from a delicate biquadratic-dimer background through an Ising quantum critical point, which further evolves into a Kitaev dimer phase that spontaneously breaks screw symmetry and crystallizes into a gapped order of alternating \ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}2{}_{2}2​ bond parities.
The spin nematic phase, which is a kind of multipole phases, has attracted a lot of interest in the field of the strongly correlated electron systems, as well as the quantum spin liquid phase. Using the numerical exact diagonalization, the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculation, and the finite-size scaling analysis, it is found that some spin nematic and spin liquid phases appear in the anisotropic and/or frustrated quantum spin systems. In our previous work, quasi-one-dimensional quantum spin systems with the easy-axis anisotropy in magnetic field are theoretically investigated using the numerical exact diagonalization, the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) and the finite-size scaling analysis[1]. It was found that a field-induced nematic phase appears at some critical field in the anisotropic spin ladder and the mixed spin chain. The nematic phase is characterized by the power-law decay in the correlation function of the second-order spin moment. In addition at some higher critical field a quantum phase transition can occur to the conventional field-induced Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid. Several typical magnetization curves calculated by DMRG are presented. We will also propose an experiment to observe these field-induced transitions by NMR measurements. The field-induced incommensurate order observed in azurite, which is modeled by the distorted diamond chain, by the recent NMR measurement will be also discussed. Recently the field-induced nematic phase was observed on the frustrated spin ladder system[2,3]. So we study on a frustrated spin ladder system[4], using the numerical diagonalization and DMRG. As a result, it is found that several exotic quantum phases, including the spin-nematic liquid phase. We also report some exact eigen states of the present model. [1] T. Sakai, T. Tonegawa and K. Okamoto, Physica Status Solidi B 247 (2010) 583.[2] N. Buttgen et al., Phys. Rev B 90, (2014) 134401.[3] K. Nawa et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 82 (2013) 094709.[4] T. Hikihara, T. Tonegawa, K. Okamoto and T. Sakai, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 86 (2017) 054709.