Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1912.11159 · Nature Physics

Device-independent randomness expansion against quantum side information

Wen‐Zhao Liu, Minghan Li, Sammy Ragy, Si-Ran Zhao, Bing Bai, Yang Liu, Peter J. Brown, Jun Zhang, Roger Colbeck, Jingyun Fan, Qiang Zhang, Jian-Wei Pan

Published Feb 11, 2021• 151 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/s41567-020-01147-2

Related papers

Source-device-independent randomness expansion using quantum random access codes

Yu-Qian Zhou, Qian-Kun Yao, Ya-Qi Dong +2 more

Quantum Information Processing•May 13, 2023•0 citations

Device-independent randomness expansion with entangled photons

Lynden K. Shalm, Yanbao Zhang, Joshua C. Bienfang +12 more

arXiv:1912.11158•Nature Physics•Jan 28, 2021•111 citations

Quantum Randomness Expansion with Uncharacterized Homodyne Detection Secure against Quantum Side-Information

Ignatius William Primaatmaja, Jianran Zhang, Jing Yan Haw +4 more

We propose a quantum randomness expansion protocol based on untrusted homodyne detection. We certify the randomness of the output against quantum side-information without assuming that the devices behave identically and independently in each round.

Quantum Information and Measurement (QIM)•Jan 1, 2021•0 citations

Experimental Realization of Device-Independent Quantum Randomness Expansion

Minghan Li, Xingjian Zhang, Wen‐Zhao Liu +12 more

Randomness expansion where one generates a longer sequence of random numbers from a short one is viable in quantum mechanics but not allowed classically. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion provides a randomness resource of the highest security level. Here, we report the first experimental realization of device-independent quantum randomness expansion secure against quantum side information established through quantum probability estimation. We generate $5.47\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ quantum-proof random bits while consuming $4.39\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{bits}$ of entropy, expanding our store of randomness by $1.08\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{bits}$ at a latency of about 13.1 h, with a total soundness error $4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion not only enriches our understanding of randomness but also sets a solid base to bring quantum-certifiable random bits into realistic applications.

arXiv:1902.07529•Physical Review Letters•Feb 4, 2021•69 citations

Device-independent quantum random-number generation

Yang Liu, Qi Zhao, Minghan Li +16 more

arXiv:1807.09611•Nature•Sep 13, 2018•258 citations

Higher rates for semi-device-independent randomness expansion by recycling input randomness

Rutvij Bhavsar, Hamid Tebyanian, Roger Colbeck

Although quantum random number generators rely on the inherent indeterminism of quantum mechanics, ensuring that the numbers produced are secure remains a significant challenge. We introduce two semi-device-independent randomness expansion protocols in a prepare-and-measure setting, where the source and measurement devices are treated as uncharacterised and we assume trust only in testing device, which could be implemented using a photodiode. One protocol achieves expansion by recycling the input randomness, while the other uses a biased input distribution to achieve expansion in settings where recycling is not possible. The protocols are proven secure against quantum side information. Our results show that high randomness rates are achievable under experimentally realistic conditions, with expansion obtained in as few as $10^5$ to $10^6$ rounds with the recycling protocol.

quant-pharXiv:2604.06457•Apr 9, 2026•0 citations
Randomness expansion where one generates a longer sequence of random numbers from a short one is viable in quantum mechanics but not allowed classically. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion provides a randomness resource of the highest security level. Here, we report the first experimental realization of device-independent quantum randomness expansion secure against quantum side information established through quantum probability estimation. We generate $5.47\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ quantum-proof random bits while consuming $4.39\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{bits}$ of entropy, expanding our store of randomness by $1.08\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{bits}$ at a latency of about 13.1 h, with a total soundness error $4.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$. Device-independent quantum randomness expansion not only enriches our understanding of randomness but also sets a solid base to bring quantum-certifiable random bits into realistic applications.
Although quantum random number generators rely on the inherent indeterminism of quantum mechanics, ensuring that the numbers produced are secure remains a significant challenge. We introduce two semi-device-independent randomness expansion protocols in a prepare-and-measure setting, where the source and measurement devices are treated as uncharacterised and we assume trust only in testing device, which could be implemented using a photodiode. One protocol achieves expansion by recycling the input randomness, while the other uses a biased input distribution to achieve expansion in settings where recycling is not possible. The protocols are proven secure against quantum side information. Our results show that high randomness rates are achievable under experimentally realistic conditions, with expansion obtained in as few as 10510^5105 to 10610^6106 rounds with the recycling protocol.