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arXiv:1911.01488 · Physical Review A

Manipulating neutral particles in Bessel beams: From rings, through fixed helices, to three-dimensional traps

Tomasz Radożycki

Published Dec 9, 2019• 3 citations

Abstract

The motion of neutral, polarizable atoms (also called neutral particles in this work) in the field of the Bessel beam is considered. It is shown in the numerical way that the Bessel rings, i.e., the regions of high energy concentration, can trap particles of positive polarizability (atoms in red-detuned beams). This trapping occurs only in the plane perpendicular to the wave propagation, and the motion along the beam is unrestricted. When the beam is superposed with the plane wave of the same frequency propagating in the same direction, the particles are guided along helices, fixed in space. The shape of these helices depends on the parameters characterizing the electromagnetic fields but not on the initial state of guided particles. Depending on the vorticity of the Bessel beam, these helices can be made left- or right-handed. In the special case of zero vorticity, the helices are degenerated to the true, three-dimensional rings, which can serve as three-dimensional traps. The emerging structure of potential valleys can be applied to parallel guidance or capture several independent atoms, each in its own trap.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.100.063412

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The motion of neutral, polarizable atoms (also called neutral particles in this work) in the field of the Bessel beam is considered. It is shown in the numerical way that the Bessel rings, i.e., the regions of high energy concentration, can trap particles of positive polarizability (atoms in red-detuned beams). This trapping occurs only in the plane perpendicular to the wave propagation, and the motion along the beam is unrestricted. When the beam is superposed with the plane wave of the same frequency propagating in the same direction, the particles are guided along helices, fixed in space. The shape of these helices depends on the parameters characterizing the electromagnetic fields but not on the initial state of guided particles. Depending on the vorticity of the Bessel beam, these helices can be made left- or right-handed. In the special case of zero vorticity, the helices are degenerated to the true, three-dimensional rings, which can serve as three-dimensional traps. The emerging structure of potential valleys can be applied to parallel guidance or capture several independent atoms, each in its own trap.

Propagation of a light beam through a collisional and inhomogeneous beam of neutral particles is investigated. The light beam can be manipulated through the refractive index that is affected by the gaseous medium. Simultaneously, neutral particles experience optical dipole force and scattering force due to atomic polarizability, leading to particle trapping. The simulation results of fully coupled light-particle propagation show agreement with experimental data from the literature. The effects of particle density, detuning frequency with respect to the resonance frequency, and light intensity on the mutual guiding of light and particle beams is studied for particle beam densities below the critical density that results in single-mode operation of optical waveguides.

Previous work [I. Bialynicki-Birula, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 93}, 20402 (2004)] is extended to cover more realistic examples of electromagnetic waves, viz. the Bessel beams. It is shown that electrons may be guided by a Bessel beam with nonvanishing orbital angular momentum. The mechanism for trapping the electrons near the electromagnetic vortex line of such a wave field is the same as for the Trojan states of Rydberg electrons produced by a circularly polarized wave. The main difference is that in the present case the transverse motion of electrons in a beam is confined under the action of the electromagnetic wave alone, no additional attraction center is required. We also discuss briefly the motion of electrons in Neumann and Hankel beams.

Single neutral atom mechanics is controllable by focused, high‐intensity optical vortices. The intensity‐dependent, laser‐driven motion of the atom's active electrons subsumes to a net transfer of the orbital angular momentum of the light to the neutral atom. The ponderomotive force on these electrons translates so into an unbounded or a bounded radial drift of the atom depending on its initial kinetic energy, as set by the temperature. Appropriate combination of laser beams results in sub‐wavelength, dynamical radial traps for tweezing atoms controllably, an effect that can be exploited for atom guiding, structuring, and lithographic applications. image

We explore a scheme for guiding cold atoms through a hollow Bessel beam generated by a single axicon and a lens from a two-dimensional magneto-optical trap toward a science chamber. We compare the Bessel beam profiles measured along the optical axis to a numerical propagation of the beam’s wavefront, and we show how it is affected by diffraction during the passage through a long narrow funnel serving as a differential pumping tube between the chambers. We derive an approximate analytic expression for the intensity distribution of the Bessel beam and the dipolar optical force acting on the atoms. By a Monte-Carlo simulation based on a stochastic Runge–Kutta algorithm of the motion of atoms initially prepared at a given temperature, we show that a considerable enhancement of the transfer efficiency can be expected in the presence of a sufficiently intense Bessel beam.

Summary form only given. Hollow beams have attracted increasing interest in the field of laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Several groups have used different techniques to generate dark hollow beams (DHB). However, the experimental setups and techniques employed in most of the investigations so far, are rather sophisticated and need usually more than one beam. On the other hand, Bessel beams are easily obtained in practice with a quite simple experimental arrangement. Investigations on the dynamical interplay between superimposed Bessel beams (SBB) has been demonstrated recently theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, we propose a new and simple experimental scheme to produce a dark hollow beam for atom trapping purposes, using the interference pattern originated from two superimposed Bessel beams. We illustrate the propagation of a superposition of two Bessel beams with same amplitude and phase, generated by a quite simple setup made with two annular slits and a lens.