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arXiv:1911.01035 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Strong Coulomb interactions in the problem of Majorana modes in a wire of the nontrivial topological class BDI

S. V. Aksenov, A. O. Zlotnikov, M. S. Shustin

Published Mar 30, 2020• 38 citations
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Abstract

In this study, the problem of strong Coulomb interactions in topological superconducting wire is analyzed by means of the density-matrix-renormalization-group (DMRG) approach. To analyze properties of edge states in the BDI-class structure, a quantity called Majorana polarization is used. From its dependence on wire length and an entanglement-spectrum degeneracy, topological phase diagrams are obtained. The DMRG calculations for the Shubin-Vonsovsky--type model of the wire show the transformation of phases with Majorana single and double modes (MSMs and MDMs, respectively) under the increase of onsite and intersite correlations. In particular, we demonstrate different scenarios including the possibilities of both induction and suppression of the MSMs and MDMs. It is shown that in the strongly correlated regime, the contributions of single-particle excitations to the Majorana-type states significantly decrease at low magnetic fxields. Moreover, the $t\ensuremath{-}{J}^{*}\ensuremath{-}V$ model is derived allowing to study the effective interactions and improve the DMRG numerics. It is found out that in the limiting case of the effective Hamiltonian with infinitely strong onsite repulsion, $t$ model, the topological phases are destroyed. Finally, the ways to probe the MSMs and MDMs via the features of caloric functions are discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.101.125431

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In this study, the problem of strong Coulomb interactions in topological superconducting wire is analyzed by means of the density-matrix-renormalization-group (DMRG) approach. To analyze properties of edge states in the BDI-class structure, a quantity called Majorana polarization is used. From its dependence on wire length and an entanglement-spectrum degeneracy, topological phase diagrams are obtained. The DMRG calculations for the Shubin-Vonsovsky--type model of the wire show the transformation of phases with Majorana single and double modes (MSMs and MDMs, respectively) under the increase of onsite and intersite correlations. In particular, we demonstrate different scenarios including the possibilities of both induction and suppression of the MSMs and MDMs. It is shown that in the strongly correlated regime, the contributions of single-particle excitations to the Majorana-type states significantly decrease at low magnetic fxields. Moreover, the t\ensuremath−J∗\ensuremath−Vt\ensuremath{-}{J}^{*}\ensuremath{-}Vt\ensuremath−J∗\ensuremath−V model is derived allowing to study the effective interactions and improve the DMRG numerics. It is found out that in the limiting case of the effective Hamiltonian with infinitely strong onsite repulsion, ttt model, the topological phases are destroyed. Finally, the ways to probe the MSMs and MDMs via the features of caloric functions are discussed.
We study the effects of Coulomb repulsive interactions on a Majorana Benalcazar–Bernevig–Huges (MBBH) model. The MBBH model belongs to the class of second-order topological superconductors (HOTSC2), featuring robust Majorana corner modes. We consider an interacting strip of four chains of length L and perform a density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) numerical simulation based on a tensor-network approach. Study of the non-local fermionic correlations and the degenerate entanglement spectrum indicates that the topological phases are robust in the presence of interactions, even in the strongly interacting regime.
In this paper, we investigate Majorana correlations in quantum impurities coupled to a topological superconducting wire. By employing a density matrix renormalization group approach, we have calculated the Majorana correlation functions in the ground state of the system for different positions of the impurities along the wire. We observe that the correlations decrease exponentially with the distance between the impurities and the ends of the wire. Moreover, different electron-electron interactions on the wire and on the impurities were also analyzed, and the results showed a stronger effect as the electron occupation in the wire is increased. In addition, while changing the occupation of the impurities by tuning their energy levels, we observe that, for specific values of $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$, the absolute value of correlation is highly peaked when the chemical potential lies within the window of the topological regime. These peaks are associated with Coulomb blockade phenomena in the impurities, revealing very clearly its effect on the Majorana bound states in the topological phase of the system.
Recent tunneling experiments on InSb hybrid superconductor-semiconductor devices have provided hope for a stabilization of Majorana edge modes in a spin-orbit quantum wire subject to a magnetic field and superconducting proximity effect. Connecting the experimental scenario with a microscopic description poses challenges of a different kind, such as accounting for the effect of interactions on the tunneling properties of the wire. We develop a density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) analysis of the tunneling spectra of interacting Majorana chains, which we explicate for the Kitaev chain model. Our DMRG approach allows us to calculate the spectral function down to zero frequency, where we analyze how the Majorana zero-bias peak is affected by interactions. For topological phase transitions between the topological and trivial superconducting phase in the Majorana wire, the bulk gap closure generically affects the proximity peaks and the Majorana peak.
Topological superconductors are believed to host exotic quasiparticle excitations known as Majorana zero modes (MZMs), with much of the evidence based on BCS mean-field theory. The direct application of mean-field arguments is tenuous in finite, isolated systems relevant in some experiments. Here, we develop a new correlation-based method for identifying MZMs in interacting, number-conserving systems. Using the density matrix renormalization group, we study fermion number-conserving models with long-range interactions, which under periodic boundary conditions exhibit robust topological and nontopological superconductivity, tuned by the strength of interaction [Ortiz et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 267002 (2014)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.113.267002]. We find evidence that, on the topological side, Majorana edge modes appear in open chains, manifesting as the vanishing of the energy splitting between odd- and even-parity ground states with increasing system size. Additionally, off-diagonal two-point correlation functions show nonlocal, parity-dependent edge effects. These correlations reveal the spatial structure of Majorana modes in the many-body wave function. We show that the correlation diagnostic applies broadly, including to short-range interacting models, where topological superconductivity is more fragile due to the absence of a bulk excitation gap.
Among the broad spectrum of systems predicted to exhibit topological superconductivity and Majorana fermions, one-dimensional wires with strong spin-orbit coupling provide one of the most promising experimental candidates. Here we investigate the fate of the topological superconducting phase in such wires when repulsive interactions are present. Using a combination of density matrix renormalization group, bosonization, and Hartree--Fock techniques, we demonstrate that while interactions degrade the bulk gap---consistent with recent results of Gangadharaiah et al.---they also greatly expand the parameter range over which the topological phase arises. In particular, we show that with interactions this phase can be accessed over a broader chemical potential window, thereby leading to greater immunity against disorder-induced chemical potential fluctuations in the wire. We also suggest that in certain wires strong interactions may allow Majorana fermions to be generated without requiring a magnetic field.
Majorana zero modes (MZM-s) occurring at the edges of a one-dimensional (1D), ppp-wave, spinless superconductor, in the absence of fluctuations of the phase of the superconducting order parameter, are quintessential examples of topologically protected zero-energy modes occurring at the edges of 1D symmetry-protected topological phases. In this work, we numerically investigate the fate of the topological phase in the presence of phase fluctuations using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) technique. To that end, we consider a one-dimensional array of MZM-s on mesoscopic superconducting islands at zero temperature. Cooper-pair and MZM-assisted single-electron tunneling, together with finite charging energy of the mesoscopic islands, give rise to a rich phase diagram of this model. We show that the system can be in either a Mott-insulating phase, a Luttinger liquid (LL) phase of Cooper pairs, or a second gapless phase. In contrast to the LL of Cooper pairs, this second phase is characterized by nonlocal string correlation functions which decay algebraically due to gapless charge-eee excitations. The three phases are separated from each other by phase transitions of either Kosterlitz-Thouless or Ising type. Using a Jordan-Wigner transformation, we map the system to a generalized Bose-Hubbard model with two types of hopping and use DMRG to analyze the different phases and the phase transitions.