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arXiv:1911.00056 · Optics Express

Narrowband photon pairs with independent frequency tuning for quantum light-matter interactions

Vindhiya Prakash, Lorena C. Bianchet, Marc T. Cuairan, Pau Gomez, Natalia Bruno, Morgan W. Mitchell

Published Dec 4, 2019• 13 citations
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Abstract

We describe a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (CE-SPDC) source for narrowband photon pairs with filters designed such that 97.7% of the correlated photons are in a single mode of 4.3(4) MHz bandwidth. Type-II phase matching, a tuneable-birefringence resonator, MHz-resolution pump tuning, and tuneable Fabry-Perot filters are used to achieve independent signal and idler tuning. We map the CE-SPDC spectrum using difference frequency generation to precisely locate the emission clusters, demonstrate CE-SPDC driven atomic spectroscopy, and measure a contribution from unwanted modes of 7.7%. The generated photon pairs efficiently interact with neutral rubidium, a well-developed system for quantum networking and quantum simulation. The techniques are readily extensible to other material systems.

DOI
10.1364/oe.382474

Related papers

Narrowband photon pairs for atoms: high resolution spectral engineering and characterisation

Vindhiya Prakash

This thesis describes experimental work to generate and characterise single photons and photon pairs, with frequency content suitable for controlled interaction with cold rubidium atoms. We describe a photon-pair source, consisting of a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (CE-SPDC) system, followed by Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) filters, that produces narrowband photon pairs that have a bandwidth of ˜ 5 MHz. Both photons from the photon-pair source are matched to the D1 line in atomic rubidium. Type-II phase matching, a tuneable-birefringence resonator and MHz-resolution pump tuning are used to achieve independent frequency control over each photon in the pair with MHz precision, enabling them to excite different hyperfine transitions in rubidium. We have designed and implemented tuneable FPI, also with ~ MHz control over their resonance frequencies, to isolate a single frequency mode-pair from the CE-SPDC source. The filters have ~ 90 % on-resonance transmission and extinguish unwanted frequency components by over 20 dB. The thesis includes predictions of the two-photon spectra at the output of the CE-SPDC source, and also after the filters, based on existing theoretical models of CE-SPDC. We measure the two-photon linewidth, the number of modes in an emission cluster and the spacing between clusters, the second-order cross-correlation and heralded autocorrelation functions, and find good agreement with predictions. We demonstrate independent tuneability of the signal and idler frequencies by atomic absorption spectroscopy with the filtered CE-SPDC output as the light source. We also report a technique to resolve narrow frequency differences between photons with a high frequency resolution. The technique, which we call autoheterodyne characterisation, can measure the photon-pair joint spectra by detecting the time-correlation beat-note when nondegenerate photon-pairs interfere at a beamsplitter. It implements a temporal analog of the Ghosh-Mandel effect with one photon counter and a time-resolved Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with two. We provide a complete theoretical description of the process and show how the distribution of sum and difference frequencies in the photon-pair spectrum can be obtained from measured correlation functions. Through a power spectral analysis of the correlation measurements, the strengths, linewidths and relative frequencies of the spectral content in the two-photon state is obtained. With this, it is possible to quantify the contribution of undesired frequency modes when a single mode output is required. We analyse the application of this technique to photon-pairs that are produced by narrowband pumping and are strongly anti-correlated in frequency, and to pairs with reduced frequency correlations produced by broadband pumping. Experimentally, we demonstrate this technique using photon-pairs from the filtered CE-SPDC source described in the previous paragraph, that have a frequency separation of ~ 200 MHz. From the results, we quantify the performance of the filters and verify the accuracy of our model for the two-photon joint spectra from this source. Esta tesis describe trabajos de laboratorio, que tienen como objetivo generar y caracterizar fotones individuales y pares de fotones, aptos para interactuar con átomos fríos. Para este fin, el espectro conjunto o contenido en frecuencia de los fotones pares es de particular interés. El átomo considerado en la tesis es rubidio. Primero describimos una fuente de pares de fotones, basada en el proceso de conversión paramétrica descendente espontánea (spontaneous parametric down-conversion, SPDC por sus siglas en inglés), aumentada por un resonador óptico (cavity-enhanced SPDC, o CE-SPDC). Este proceso genera pares de fotones de banda estrecha, con un ancho de banda de ≈5MHz Ambos fotones producidos por la fuente concuerdan en frecuencia con la línea D1 del rubidio atómico. La coincidencia de fases (phase matching) de tipo dos, un resonador de birrefringencia ajustable, y una bomba de frecuencia ajustable con resolución de unos MHz, son usados para conseguir control independiente sobre la frecuencia de cada fotón del par, con precisión de MHz, permitiendo que exciten diferentes transiciones hiperfinas del rubidio. Diseñamos e implementamos filtros Fabry-Perot sintonizables, también con una precisión de control de _ MHz en su frecuencia de resonancia. Con dichos filtros, demostramos la selección de pares de fotones que provienen, cada uno, de un solo modo del resonador, y por lo tanto con un ancho de banda definido por dicho modo. Los filtros tienen una transmisión del .̴ 90% en resonancia y extinguen componentes fuera de banda en 20 dB. Calculamos el espectro conjunto de los pares de fotones producidos, tanto a la salida de la fuente, como después de lo filtros, a base de modelos teóricos de CE-SPDC. Medimos el ancho de banda de ambos fotones, el número de modos de emisión en un cúmulo, el espaciado espectral entre grupos de modos cuasi-resonantes, y las funciones de correlación cruzada de segundo orden y de autocorrelación anunciada, y resultan estar en buen acuerdo con las predicciones. Demostramos un ajuste independiente de la frecuencia del fotón signal y del fotón idler mediante espectroscopía de absorción con la salida del CE-SPDC como fuente de luz. También presentamos una técnica para distinguir diferencias estrechas de frecuencia entre fotones con una gran resolución en frecuencia. Esta técnica, a la que llamamos caracterización autoheterodina, permite medir el espectro conjunto de un par de fotones mediante la detección de la correlación en tiempo de su batido (beat-note) cuando el par de fotones no-degenerados interfiere en un divisor de haz. Esta técnica implementa un análogo temporal al efecto Ghosh-Mandel con un contador de fotones y una interferencia Hong-Ou-Mandel con resolución temporal con dos. Proporcionamos una descripción teórica completa del proceso y mostramos como la distribución de la suma y diferencia de frecuencias en el espectro del par de fotones puede obtenerse a partir de las medidas de las funciones de correlación. Mediante el análisis del espectro de las medidas de correlación, se obtienen las amplitudes, anchos de línea y frecuencias relativas del contenido espectral del estado conjunto de los dos fotones. Con esto, es posible cuantificar la presencia de modos indeseados de frecuencia cuando se requiere una salida monomodo. Analizamos la aplicación de esta técnica a pares de fotones producidos por bombeo de banda estrecha y fuertemente anti-correlacionados en frecuencia, y a pares con correlaciones de frecuencia reducidas producidos por bombeo de banda ancha. Experimentalmente, demostramos esta técnica usando pares de fotones generados por la fuente descrita en el párrafo anterior, con una separación en frecuencia de .̴ 200MHz. A partir de los resultados, cuantificamos el desempeño de los filtros y verificamos la exactitud de nuestro modelo para el espectro conjunto de los dos fotones provenientes de la fuente CE-SPDC con filtros.

•Dec 16, 2021•1 citation

Ultrabright, narrow-band photon-pair source for atomic quantum memories

Pin-Ju Tsai, Ying-Cheng Chen

Abstract We demonstrate an ultrabright, narrow-band and frequency-tunable photon-pair source based on cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) which is compatible with atomic transition of rubidium D 2 -line (780 nm) or cesium D 2 -line (852 nm). With the pump beam alternating between a high and a low power phase, the output is switching between the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and photon-pair generation mode. We utilize the OPO output light to lock the cavity length to maintain the double resonances of signal and idler, as well as to lock the signal frequency to cesium atomic transition. With a type-II phase matching and a double-passed pump scheme such that the cluster frequency spacing is larger than the SPDC bandwidth, the photon-pair output is in a nearly single-mode operation as confirmed by a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer with its output detected by a photomultiplier. The achieved generation and detection rates are 7.24 × 10 5 and 6142 s −1 mW −1 , respectively. The correlation time of the photon pair is 21.6(2.2) ns, corresponding to a bandwidth of 2 π × 6.6(6) MHz. The spectral brightness is 1.06 × 10 5 s −1 mW −1 MHz −1 . This is a relatively high value under a single-mode operation with the cavity-SPDC scheme. The generated single photons can be readily used in experiments related to atomic quantum memories.

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Single-Mode, Narrow Band Photon Source Using SPDC for Hybrid Quantum Systems

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Generating single-mode, narrow-band photons with high purity and brightness has proven to be difficult. Researchers at the University of Vienna have designed a photon source using Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) with a doubly resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) utilizing an additional birefringent crystal to tune clusters independent of SPDC phase-matching. Achieving the doubly resonant condition in the OPO that enables a single mode is the challenge when creating a photon source with both single-mode and narrow-bandwidth. This is resolved here, as the resulting photon source has a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz to match the linewidths of atomic transitions. The source also produces single mode photon pairs at a rate of 47.5 Hz without mode filters reducing loss in the system. This novel design enables research and applications in the quantum realm using hybrid light-matter interactions.

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Efficiently generating photon pairs with high heralding efficiency and high single photon purity that are bandwidth matched to quantum emitters, quantum memories, and other matter-based qubits is critical for quantum networking applications. However, nonlinear optics-based sources require substantial spectral engineering to overcome the orders of magnitude bandwidth mismatch between those sources and qubit systems. A popular solution is cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) where the cavity sets the photon bandwidth and simultaneously enhances the spectral brightness of the SPDC. Bulk, free-space configurations are generally required to achieve the MHz-scale bandwidths required to interface with most qubit systems. Replicating these in scalable integrated photonic architectures is an ongoing challenge due to the much higher propagation losses that limit the size and linewidth of chip-based resonators. We show here how an intra-cavity slow light medium, acting as an ultra-narrow filter, would enable narrowband photon pair generation in broadband cavities with high single photon purity and without compromising the heralding efficiency. We show that such metrics can be readily realized in erbium doped thin-film lithium niobate microrings using realistic design parameters.

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Single-Mode, Narrow Band Photon Source Using SPDC for Hybrid Quantum Systems

Lisa Mueller, Jeremiah Hashley

Generating single-mode, narrow-band photons with high purity and brightness has proven to be difficult. Researchers at the University of Vienna have designed a photon source using Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) with a doubly resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) utilizing an additional birefringent crystal to tune clusters independent of SPDC phase-matching. Achieving the doubly resonant condition in the OPO that enables a single mode is the challenge when creating a photon source with both single-mode and narrow-bandwidth. This is resolved here, as the resulting photon source has a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz to match the linewidths of atomic transitions. The source also produces single mode photon pairs at a rate of 47.5 Hz without mode filters reducing loss in the system. This novel design enables research and applications in the quantum realm using hybrid light-matter interactions.

•Jun 21, 2024•0 citations

Novel single-mode narrow-band photon source of high brightness tuned to cesium D2 line

Amir Moqanaki, Francesco Massa, Philip Walther

Cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion is capable of efficient generation of single photons with suitable spectral properties for interfacing with the atoms. However, beside the remarkable progress of this technique, multimode longitudinal emission remains a major drawback. Here, we demonstrate a bright source of single photons that overcomes this limitation by a novel mode-selection technique based on the introduction of an additional birefringent element to the cavity. This enables us to tune the double resonance condition independent of the phase matching and thus to achieve single-mode operation without mode filters. Our source emits single-frequency-mode photons at 852 nm, which is compatible to the Cs D2 line, with a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz and a detected photon-pair rate of 2.5 kHz at 10 mW of pump power, while maintaining g(2)(0) = 0.13. The efficiency of our source is further underlined by detecting a four-photon rate of 0.28 Hz at 20 mW of pump power. These detected rates correspond to a photon-pair generation rate of 47.5 Hz, and a four-photon generation rate of 37 Hz. Such photon generation rates open up a variety of new applications reaching from hybrid light-matter interactions to optical quantum information tasks based on long temporal coherence.

arXiv:1810.02430•APL Photonics•Sep 1, 2019•26 citations
We describe a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (CE-SPDC) source for narrowband photon pairs with filters designed such that 97.7% of the correlated photons are in a single mode of 4.3(4) MHz bandwidth. Type-II phase matching, a tuneable-birefringence resonator, MHz-resolution pump tuning, and tuneable Fabry-Perot filters are used to achieve independent signal and idler tuning. We map the CE-SPDC spectrum using difference frequency generation to precisely locate the emission clusters, demonstrate CE-SPDC driven atomic spectroscopy, and measure a contribution from unwanted modes of 7.7%. The generated photon pairs efficiently interact with neutral rubidium, a well-developed system for quantum networking and quantum simulation. The techniques are readily extensible to other material systems.
This thesis describes experimental work to generate and characterise single photons and photon pairs, with frequency content suitable for controlled interaction with cold rubidium atoms. We describe a photon-pair source, consisting of a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (CE-SPDC) system, followed by Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) filters, that produces narrowband photon pairs that have a bandwidth of ˜ 5 MHz. Both photons from the photon-pair source are matched to the D1 line in atomic rubidium. Type-II phase matching, a tuneable-birefringence resonator and MHz-resolution pump tuning are used to achieve independent frequency control over each photon in the pair with MHz precision, enabling them to excite different hyperfine transitions in rubidium. We have designed and implemented tuneable FPI, also with ~ MHz control over their resonance frequencies, to isolate a single frequency mode-pair from the CE-SPDC source. The filters have ~ 90 % on-resonance transmission and extinguish unwanted frequency components by over 20 dB. The thesis includes predictions of the two-photon spectra at the output of the CE-SPDC source, and also after the filters, based on existing theoretical models of CE-SPDC. We measure the two-photon linewidth, the number of modes in an emission cluster and the spacing between clusters, the second-order cross-correlation and heralded autocorrelation functions, and find good agreement with predictions. We demonstrate independent tuneability of the signal and idler frequencies by atomic absorption spectroscopy with the filtered CE-SPDC output as the light source. We also report a technique to resolve narrow frequency differences between photons with a high frequency resolution. The technique, which we call autoheterodyne characterisation, can measure the photon-pair joint spectra by detecting the time-correlation beat-note when nondegenerate photon-pairs interfere at a beamsplitter. It implements a temporal analog of the Ghosh-Mandel effect with one photon counter and a time-resolved Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with two. We provide a complete theoretical description of the process and show how the distribution of sum and difference frequencies in the photon-pair spectrum can be obtained from measured correlation functions. Through a power spectral analysis of the correlation measurements, the strengths, linewidths and relative frequencies of the spectral content in the two-photon state is obtained. With this, it is possible to quantify the contribution of undesired frequency modes when a single mode output is required. We analyse the application of this technique to photon-pairs that are produced by narrowband pumping and are strongly anti-correlated in frequency, and to pairs with reduced frequency correlations produced by broadband pumping. Experimentally, we demonstrate this technique using photon-pairs from the filtered CE-SPDC source described in the previous paragraph, that have a frequency separation of ~ 200 MHz. From the results, we quantify the performance of the filters and verify the accuracy of our model for the two-photon joint spectra from this source. Esta tesis describe trabajos de laboratorio, que tienen como objetivo generar y caracterizar fotones individuales y pares de fotones, aptos para interactuar con átomos fríos. Para este fin, el espectro conjunto o contenido en frecuencia de los fotones pares es de particular interés. El átomo considerado en la tesis es rubidio. Primero describimos una fuente de pares de fotones, basada en el proceso de conversión paramétrica descendente espontánea (spontaneous parametric down-conversion, SPDC por sus siglas en inglés), aumentada por un resonador óptico (cavity-enhanced SPDC, o CE-SPDC). Este proceso genera pares de fotones de banda estrecha, con un ancho de banda de ≈5MHz Ambos fotones producidos por la fuente concuerdan en frecuencia con la línea D1 del rubidio atómico. La coincidencia de fases (phase matching) de tipo dos, un resonador de birrefringencia ajustable, y una bomba de frecuencia ajustable con resolución de unos MHz, son usados para conseguir control independiente sobre la frecuencia de cada fotón del par, con precisión de MHz, permitiendo que exciten diferentes transiciones hiperfinas del rubidio. Diseñamos e implementamos filtros Fabry-Perot sintonizables, también con una precisión de control de _ MHz en su frecuencia de resonancia. Con dichos filtros, demostramos la selección de pares de fotones que provienen, cada uno, de un solo modo del resonador, y por lo tanto con un ancho de banda definido por dicho modo. Los filtros tienen una transmisión del .̴ 90% en resonancia y extinguen componentes fuera de banda en 20 dB. Calculamos el espectro conjunto de los pares de fotones producidos, tanto a la salida de la fuente, como después de lo filtros, a base de modelos teóricos de CE-SPDC. Medimos el ancho de banda de ambos fotones, el número de modos de emisión en un cúmulo, el espaciado espectral entre grupos de modos cuasi-resonantes, y las funciones de correlación cruzada de segundo orden y de autocorrelación anunciada, y resultan estar en buen acuerdo con las predicciones. Demostramos un ajuste independiente de la frecuencia del fotón signal y del fotón idler mediante espectroscopía de absorción con la salida del CE-SPDC como fuente de luz. También presentamos una técnica para distinguir diferencias estrechas de frecuencia entre fotones con una gran resolución en frecuencia. Esta técnica, a la que llamamos caracterización autoheterodina, permite medir el espectro conjunto de un par de fotones mediante la detección de la correlación en tiempo de su batido (beat-note) cuando el par de fotones no-degenerados interfiere en un divisor de haz. Esta técnica implementa un análogo temporal al efecto Ghosh-Mandel con un contador de fotones y una interferencia Hong-Ou-Mandel con resolución temporal con dos. Proporcionamos una descripción teórica completa del proceso y mostramos como la distribución de la suma y diferencia de frecuencias en el espectro del par de fotones puede obtenerse a partir de las medidas de las funciones de correlación. Mediante el análisis del espectro de las medidas de correlación, se obtienen las amplitudes, anchos de línea y frecuencias relativas del contenido espectral del estado conjunto de los dos fotones. Con esto, es posible cuantificar la presencia de modos indeseados de frecuencia cuando se requiere una salida monomodo. Analizamos la aplicación de esta técnica a pares de fotones producidos por bombeo de banda estrecha y fuertemente anti-correlacionados en frecuencia, y a pares con correlaciones de frecuencia reducidas producidos por bombeo de banda ancha. Experimentalmente, demostramos esta técnica usando pares de fotones generados por la fuente descrita en el párrafo anterior, con una separación en frecuencia de .̴ 200MHz. A partir de los resultados, cuantificamos el desempeño de los filtros y verificamos la exactitud de nuestro modelo para el espectro conjunto de los dos fotones provenientes de la fuente CE-SPDC con filtros.
Abstract We demonstrate an ultrabright, narrow-band and frequency-tunable photon-pair source based on cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) which is compatible with atomic transition of rubidium D 2 -line (780 nm) or cesium D 2 -line (852 nm). With the pump beam alternating between a high and a low power phase, the output is switching between the optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and photon-pair generation mode. We utilize the OPO output light to lock the cavity length to maintain the double resonances of signal and idler, as well as to lock the signal frequency to cesium atomic transition. With a type-II phase matching and a double-passed pump scheme such that the cluster frequency spacing is larger than the SPDC bandwidth, the photon-pair output is in a nearly single-mode operation as confirmed by a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer with its output detected by a photomultiplier. The achieved generation and detection rates are 7.24 × 10 5 and 6142 s −1 mW −1 , respectively. The correlation time of the photon pair is 21.6(2.2) ns, corresponding to a bandwidth of 2 π × 6.6(6) MHz. The spectral brightness is 1.06 × 10 5 s −1 mW −1 MHz −1 . This is a relatively high value under a single-mode operation with the cavity-SPDC scheme. The generated single photons can be readily used in experiments related to atomic quantum memories.
Generating single-mode, narrow-band photons with high purity and brightness has proven to be difficult. Researchers at the University of Vienna have designed a photon source using Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) with a doubly resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) utilizing an additional birefringent crystal to tune clusters independent of SPDC phase-matching. Achieving the doubly resonant condition in the OPO that enables a single mode is the challenge when creating a photon source with both single-mode and narrow-bandwidth. This is resolved here, as the resulting photon source has a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz to match the linewidths of atomic transitions. The source also produces single mode photon pairs at a rate of 47.5 Hz without mode filters reducing loss in the system. This novel design enables research and applications in the quantum realm using hybrid light-matter interactions.
Efficiently generating photon pairs with high heralding efficiency and high single photon purity that are bandwidth matched to quantum emitters, quantum memories, and other matter-based qubits is critical for quantum networking applications. However, nonlinear optics-based sources require substantial spectral engineering to overcome the orders of magnitude bandwidth mismatch between those sources and qubit systems. A popular solution is cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) where the cavity sets the photon bandwidth and simultaneously enhances the spectral brightness of the SPDC. Bulk, free-space configurations are generally required to achieve the MHz-scale bandwidths required to interface with most qubit systems. Replicating these in scalable integrated photonic architectures is an ongoing challenge due to the much higher propagation losses that limit the size and linewidth of chip-based resonators. We show here how an intra-cavity slow light medium, acting as an ultra-narrow filter, would enable narrowband photon pair generation in broadband cavities with high single photon purity and without compromising the heralding efficiency. We show that such metrics can be readily realized in erbium doped thin-film lithium niobate microrings using realistic design parameters.
Generating single-mode, narrow-band photons with high purity and brightness has proven to be difficult. Researchers at the University of Vienna have designed a photon source using Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion (SPDC) with a doubly resonant Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) utilizing an additional birefringent crystal to tune clusters independent of SPDC phase-matching. Achieving the doubly resonant condition in the OPO that enables a single mode is the challenge when creating a photon source with both single-mode and narrow-bandwidth. This is resolved here, as the resulting photon source has a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz to match the linewidths of atomic transitions. The source also produces single mode photon pairs at a rate of 47.5 Hz without mode filters reducing loss in the system. This novel design enables research and applications in the quantum realm using hybrid light-matter interactions.
Cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion is capable of efficient generation of single photons with suitable spectral properties for interfacing with the atoms. However, beside the remarkable progress of this technique, multimode longitudinal emission remains a major drawback. Here, we demonstrate a bright source of single photons that overcomes this limitation by a novel mode-selection technique based on the introduction of an additional birefringent element to the cavity. This enables us to tune the double resonance condition independent of the phase matching and thus to achieve single-mode operation without mode filters. Our source emits single-frequency-mode photons at 852 nm, which is compatible to the Cs D2 line, with a bandwidth of 10.9 MHz and a detected photon-pair rate of 2.5 kHz at 10 mW of pump power, while maintaining g(2)(0) = 0.13. The efficiency of our source is further underlined by detecting a four-photon rate of 0.28 Hz at 20 mW of pump power. These detected rates correspond to a photon-pair generation rate of 47.5 Hz, and a four-photon generation rate of 37 Hz. Such photon generation rates open up a variety of new applications reaching from hybrid light-matter interactions to optical quantum information tasks based on long temporal coherence.