Fast Relaxation on Qutrit Transitions of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Nanodiamonds

Abstract

Thanks to their versatility, nitrogen-vacancy (N-$V$) centers in nanodiamonds have been widely adopted as nanoscale sensors. However, their sensitivities are limited by their short coherence times relative to N-$V\mathrm{s}$ in bulk diamond. A more complete understanding of the origins of decoherence in nanodiamonds is critical to improving their performance. Here we present measurements of fast spin relaxation on qutrit transitions between the energy eigenstates composed of the ${m}_{s}=|\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1⟩$ states of the N-${V}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ electronic ground state in approximately 40-nm nanodiamonds under ambient conditions. For frequency splittings between these states of 20 MHz or less the maximum theoretically achievable coherence time of the N-$V$ spin is approximately 2 orders of magnitude shorter than would be expected if the N-$V$ spin is treated as a qubit. We attribute this fast relaxation to electric field noise. We observe a strong falloff of the qutrit relaxation rate with the splitting between the states, suggesting that, whenever possible, measurements with N-$V\mathrm{s}$ in nanodiamonds should be performed at moderate axial magnetic fields ($>60$ G). We also observe that the qutrit relaxation rate changes with time. These findings indicate that surface electric field noise is a major source of decoherence for N-$V\mathrm{s}$ in nanodiamonds.