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arXiv:1910.07220 · Advanced Quantum Technologies

High‐Dimensional Quantum Communication: Benefits, Progress, and Future Challenges

Daniele Cozzolino, Beatrice Da Lio, Davide Bacco, Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe

Published Oct 15, 2019• 478 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract In recent years, there has been a rising interest in high‐dimensional quantum states and their impact on quantum communication. Indeed, the availability of an enlarged Hilbert space offers multiple advantages, from larger information capacity and increased noise resilience, to novel fundamental research possibilities in quantum physics. Multiple photonic degrees of freedom have been explored to generate high‐dimensional quantum states, both with bulk optics and integrated photonics. Furthermore, these quantum states have been propagated through various channels, for example, free‐space links, single‐mode, multicore, and multimode fibers, and also aquatic channels, experimentally demonstrating the theoretical advantages over 2D systems. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art on the generation, propagation, and detection of high‐dimensional quantum states is reviewed. Quantum communication with states living in d ‐dimensional Hilbert spaces, qudits, yields great benefits. However, qudits generation, transmission, and detection is not a simple task to accomplish. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art on the generation, propagation, and measurement of high‐dimensional quantum states, highlighting their advantages, issues, and future perspectives.

DOI
10.1002/qute.201900038

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Abstract In recent years, there has been a rising interest in high‐dimensional quantum states and their impact on quantum communication. Indeed, the availability of an enlarged Hilbert space offers multiple advantages, from larger information capacity and increased noise resilience, to novel fundamental research possibilities in quantum physics. Multiple photonic degrees of freedom have been explored to generate high‐dimensional quantum states, both with bulk optics and integrated photonics. Furthermore, these quantum states have been propagated through various channels, for example, free‐space links, single‐mode, multicore, and multimode fibers, and also aquatic channels, experimentally demonstrating the theoretical advantages over 2D systems. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art on the generation, propagation, and detection of high‐dimensional quantum states is reviewed. Quantum communication with states living in d ‐dimensional Hilbert spaces, qudits, yields great benefits. However, qudits generation, transmission, and detection is not a simple task to accomplish. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art on the generation, propagation, and measurement of high‐dimensional quantum states, highlighting their advantages, issues, and future perspectives.
The field of high-dimensional quantum photonics involves the use of multimode photonic degrees-of-freedom such as the spatial, temporal, or spectral structure of light to encode multi-level quantum states. Recent years have seen rapid progress in the development of methods to generate, manipulate, and distribute such quantum states of light and their use in a range of quantum technology applications that offer practical advantages over conventional qubit-based approaches. High-dimensional quantum states of light encoded in photonic time-bins, frequency-bins, transverse-spatial modes, waveguide paths, and temporal modes have enabled noise-robust fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, error-resilient and high-capacity quantum communication protocols, andas well as efficient approaches for quantum information processing, to name just a few examples. However, research in this field has progressed fairly independently, with little exchange across different photonic degrees-of-freedom or between experiment and theory and no comprehensive comparison between degrees-of-freedom. This roadmap aims to bridge this gap by surveying progress in each area and identifying shared challenges and opportunities that cut across two or more photonic degrees-of-freedoms. We review early work and state-of-the-art experimental techniques under development for high-dimensional quantum states encoded in single and entangled photons, as well as theoretical tools for their measurement and certification. We outline the main outstanding challenges for theory and each experimental degree-of-freedom, identifying promising future directions of research that may enable these to be overcome. We end by discussing interconnections and shared challenges centered around their distribution, measurement, and manipulation, with a view towards their integration into next-generation quantum technology platforms and applications.
Quantum communication with states living in d-dimensional Hilbert spaces, qudits, yields great benefits. The main and clear advantage is that they can carry a larger amount of information per particle compared to 2D systems, qubits. The cover image figuratively shows this principle. However, qudits generation, transmission, and detection are not simple tasks to accomplish. Davide Bacco, Leif Katsuo Oxenløwe, and co-workers (article number 1900038) review the state-of-the-art on these topics, involving high-dimensional photonic quantum states, highlighting their advantages, issues, and future perspectives.
Abstract High-dimensional quantum entanglement is an important resource for emerging quantum technologies such as quantum communication and quantum computation. The scalability of metres-long experimental setups limits high-dimensional entanglement in bulk optics. Advancements in quantum technology hinge on reproducible, and reconfigurable quantum devices—including photon sources, which are challenging to achieve in a scalable manner using bulk optics. Advances in nanotechnology and CMOS-compatible integration techniques have enabled the generation of entangled photons on millimeter-scale chips, significantly enhancing scalability, stability, replicability, and miniaturization for real-world quantum applications. In recent years we have seen several chip-scale demonstrations with different discrete degrees of freedom including path, frequency-bin, time-bin, and transverse modes, on many material platforms. A complete quantum photonic integrated circuit requires the generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states, involving various active and passive quantum photonic components which further increase the degree of complexity. Here, we focus on the high-dimensional versions of qubits—qudits—and review the nonlinear optical processes that facilitate on-chip high-dimensional entangled photon sources, and the currently used material platforms. We discuss a range of current implementations of on-chip high-dimensional entangled photon sources and demonstrated applications. We comment on the current challenges due to the limitations of individual material platforms and present future opportunities in hybrid and heterogeneous integration strategies for the next generation of integrated quantum photonic chips.
Multiple photonic degrees of freedom can be explored to generate high-dimensional quantum states; commonly referred to as `qudits'. Qudits offer several advantages for quantum communications, including higher information capacity, noise resilience and data throughput, and lower information loss over different propagation mediums (free space, optical fibre, underwater) as compared to conventional qubits based communication system. However, qudits have been little exploited in literature, owing to their difficulty in transmission and detection. In this paper, for the first time, we develop and formulate the theoretical framework for transmission of classical information through entanglement distribution of qudits over two quantum channels in superposition of alternative causal order. For the first time we i) engineer quantum switch operation for 2-qudit systems and ii) formulate theoretical system model for entanglement distribution of qudits via quantum switch. Results show that entanglement distribution of a qudit provides a considerable gain in fidelity even with increase in noise.
"Along with these developments, personal microwave technology has enabled strong non-linear effects at the photon level, leading to readily observable novel parameter regimes in quantum optics. Circuit QED has opened up new opportunities to explore the rich physics of quantum information processing (QIP) and quantum optics (QO), making them scalable on the road to quantum computing. However, we must also discuss some of the challenges involved. Quantum Technologies (QT) is a cross-disciplinary field that has made great progress in recent years. Technologies that can explicitly represent individual quantum states, as well as superposition and entanglement, are now being developed to exploit the 'strange' properties of quantum mechanics. In quantum communication, individual or entangled photons are used to securely send data, while quantum simulation utilizes well-controlled quantum systems that are less accessible. Interest is growing in higher dimensional quantum states and quantum communication, as the extended availability of Hilbert space and greater information capacity, along with increased noise elasticity, offer many advantages and new research possibilities. Let's focus our attention on the benefits of higher dimensional quantum states for quantum communication, as shown by Kuditz and others. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that higher dimensional quantum states can also provide improvements in many other areas."
Abstract High‐dimensional quantum states, or ‘qudits’, provide significant advantages over traditional qubits in quantum communication, such as increased information capacity, enhanced noise resilience, and reduced information loss. Despite these benefits, their implementation has been constrained by challenges in generation, transmission, and detection. This paper presents a novel theoretical framework for transmitting quantum information using qudit entanglement distribution over a superposition of causal orders in two quantum channels. Using this model, a quantum switch operation for 2‐qudit systems is introduced, which facilitates enhanced fidelity of entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation. The results demonstrate that the use of qudits in entanglement distribution achieves a fidelity improvement from 0.5 (for qubit‐based systems) to 0.94 for 20‐dimensional qudits, even under noisy channel conditions. This enhancement is achieved by exploiting the increased Hilbert space of high‐dimensional states and the inherent noise‐resilience properties of quantum switches operating in superpositions of causal orders. The findings underscore the potential of qudit‐based quantum systems in achieving robust and high‐fidelity communication in environments where traditional qubit‐based systems face limitations.