Quantum particles move in strange ways, even when they propagate freely in space. As a result of the uncertainty principle, it is not possible to control the initial conditions of particle emission in such a way that the particle will definitely pass through two precisely defined positions along its path, even if it is possible to line up the two positions with the emitter. However, there is also an upside to the quantum mechanical laws of motion: constructive quantum interferences can actually raise probabilities to values higher than those permitted by classical causality. Here, it is shown that conventional interferometric methods can be used to prepare photons in a quantum state in which a non-vanishing fraction of particles will hit both of two possible targets, even though the direct line-of-sight connecting the two targets is blocked at the source. The price to pay is that the uncertainty principle prevents a joint measurement of both positions, making it impossible to determine whether an individual particle hits both targets or not. It is nonetheless possible to determine the minimal fraction of ``magic bullet'' particles that must have hit both targets by showing that the number of particles hitting target A is larger than the number of particles missing target B.Quantum particles move in strange ways, even when they propagate freely in space. As a result of the uncertainty principle, it is not possible to control the initial conditions of particle emission in such a way that the particle will definitely pass through two precisely defined positions along its path, even if it is possible to line up the two positions with the emitter. However, there is also an upside to the quantum mechanical laws of motion: constructive quantum interferences can actually raise probabilities to values higher than those permitted by classical causality. Here, it is shown that conventional interferometric methods can be used to prepare photons in a quantum state in which a non-vanishing fraction of particles will hit both of two possible targets, even though the direct line-of-sight connecting the two targets is blocked at the source. The price to pay is that the uncertainty principle prevents a joint measurement of both positions, making it impossible to determine whether an individual particle hits both targets or not. It is nonetheless possible to determine the minimal fraction of ``magic bullet'' particles that must have hit both targets by showing that the number of particles hitting target A is larger than the number of particles missing target B.

Sep 19, 20190 citations

Control of particle propagation beyond the uncertainty limit by interference between position and momentum

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

As shown recently [H. F. Hofmann, Phys. Rev. A 96, 020101(R) (2017)], it is possible to demonstrate that quantum particles do not move along straight lines in free space by increasing the probability of finding the particles within narrow intervals of position and momentum beyond the ``either/or'' limit of 0.5 using constructive quantum interference between a component localized in position and a component localized in momentum. The probability of finding the particle in a corresponding spatial interval at a later time then violates the lower bound of the particle propagation inequality which is based on the validity of Newton's first law. In this paper, the problem of localizing the two state components in their respective target intervals is addressed by introducing a set of three coefficients that describe the localization of arbitrary wave functions quantitatively. This characterization is applied to a superposition of Gaussians, obtaining a violation of the particle propagation inequality by more than 5% if the width of the Gaussian wave function is optimized along with the size of the position and momentum intervals. It is shown that the violation of the particle propagation inequality originates from the fundamental way in which quantum interferences relate initial position and momentum to the future positions of a particle, indicating that the violation is a fundamental feature of causality in the quantum limit.As shown recently [H. F. Hofmann, Phys. Rev. A 96, 020101(R) (2017)], it is possible to demonstrate that quantum particles do not move along straight lines in free space by increasing the probability of finding the particles within narrow intervals of position and momentum beyond the ``either/or'' limit of 0.5 using constructive quantum interference between a component localized in position and a component localized in momentum. The probability of finding the particle in a corresponding spatial interval at a later time then violates the lower bound of the particle propagation inequality which is based on the validity of Newton's first law. In this paper, the problem of localizing the two state components in their respective target intervals is addressed by introducing a set of three coefficients that describe the localization of arbitrary wave functions quantitatively. This characterization is applied to a superposition of Gaussians, obtaining a violation of the particle propagation inequality by more than 5% if the width of the Gaussian wave function is optimized along with the size of the position and momentum intervals. It is shown that the violation of the particle propagation inequality originates from the fundamental way in which quantum interferences relate initial position and momentum to the future positions of a particle, indicating that the violation is a fundamental feature of causality in the quantum limit.

arXiv:1806.11231Physical Review ANov 6, 20187 citations

A statistical analysis of single photon propagation: how quantum interference modifies the laws of motion

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Since the wavefunction of a photon only describes the probability of photon detection in time and space, it is impossible to derive uniquely defined trajectories describing the path taken by the photon between emission and detection. However, it is possible to test whether a particular set of trajectories is consistent with the statistics observed at different times for photons in the same initial state. Recently, I have shown that quantum interference effects between position and momentum can result in a violation of inequalities associated with motion along straight lines. Here, I present a more detailed analysis on the origin of the effect and its relation with other experimentally observable aspects of quantum statistics such as weak measurements and quantum tomography. It is shown that the interference pattern between a quantum state component of well-defined position and a quantum state component of well-defined momentum describes a modified causality relation between the positions detected at different times. The phase of the interference pattern is identified with the classical action of particle motion and the relation between uncertainty and causality is considered. The specific case of single photon wavefunctions is used to explain the possibilities and limitations of control at the ultimate quantum limit.Since the wavefunction of a photon only describes the probability of photon detection in time and space, it is impossible to derive uniquely defined trajectories describing the path taken by the photon between emission and detection. However, it is possible to test whether a particular set of trajectories is consistent with the statistics observed at different times for photons in the same initial state. Recently, I have shown that quantum interference effects between position and momentum can result in a violation of inequalities associated with motion along straight lines. Here, I present a more detailed analysis on the origin of the effect and its relation with other experimentally observable aspects of quantum statistics such as weak measurements and quantum tomography. It is shown that the interference pattern between a quantum state component of well-defined position and a quantum state component of well-defined momentum describes a modified causality relation between the positions detected at different times. The phase of the interference pattern is identified with the classical action of particle motion and the relation between uncertainty and causality is considered. The specific case of single photon wavefunctions is used to explain the possibilities and limitations of control at the ultimate quantum limit.

Quantum Communications and Quantum ImagingSep 18, 20180 citations

Quantum interference of position and momentum: A particle propagation paradox

Holger Friedrich Hofmann

Optimal simultaneous control of position and momentum can be achieved by maximizing the probabilities of finding their experimentally observed values within two well-defined intervals. The assumption that particles move along straight lines in free space can then be tested by deriving a lower limit for the probability of finding the particle in a corresponding spatial interval at any intermediate time $t$ . Here, it is shown that this lower limit can be violated by quantum superpositions of states confined within the respective position and momentum intervals. These violations of the particle propagation inequality show that quantum mechanics changes the laws of motion at a fundamental level, providing a different perspective on causality relations and time evolution in quantum mechanics.Optimal simultaneous control of position and momentum can be achieved by maximizing the probabilities of finding their experimentally observed values within two well-defined intervals. The assumption that particles move along straight lines in free space can then be tested by deriving a lower limit for the probability of finding the particle in a corresponding spatial interval at any intermediate time $t$. Here, it is shown that this lower limit can be violated by quantum superpositions of states confined within the respective position and momentum intervals. These violations of the particle propagation inequality show that quantum mechanics changes the laws of motion at a fundamental level, providing a different perspective on causality relations and time evolution in quantum mechanics.

arXiv:1706.04286Physical Review AAug 28, 201715 citations

Characterization of non-classical particle propagation using superpositions of position and momentum

Yuki Senoo, Holger F. Hofmann, Hiroki Yamakami +1 more

The uncertainty principle suggests a quantitative trade-off between the control of position and the control of momentum in particle propagation. However, a superposition of two states with very different uncertainty trade-offs introduces an interference term that seems to combine precise statements about position and about momentum, allowing us to study how quantum mechanics describes the propagation of individual particles in free space. Here, we present a detailed experimental study of photons prepared in a superposition of position and momentum generated in a Sagnac interferometer. The transverse distribution of photons was obtained with three different measurement settings at the output port of the interferometer, corresponding to the initial position distribution, the initial momentum distribution, and an intermediate propagation time at which the contributions of initial position and momentum uncertainties are approximately equal to each other. We show that the interference effect localizes the photons in narrow intervals of position and momentum, resulting in a quantitative violation of Newton's first law as the interference pattern spreads out at the intermediate position. The data obtained can be used to demonstrate the negativity of the Wigner function in regions outside the position and momentum intervals in which the position and momentum contributions are confined.The uncertainty principle suggests a quantitative trade-off between the control of position and the control of momentum in particle propagation. However, a superposition of two states with very different uncertainty trade-offs introduces an interference term that seems to combine precise statements about position and about momentum, allowing us to study how quantum mechanics describes the propagation of individual particles in free space. Here, we present a detailed experimental study of photons prepared in a superposition of position and momentum generated in a Sagnac interferometer. The transverse distribution of photons was obtained with three different measurement settings at the output port of the interferometer, corresponding to the initial position distribution, the initial momentum distribution, and an intermediate propagation time at which the contributions of initial position and momentum uncertainties are approximately equal to each other. We show that the interference effect localizes the photons in narrow intervals of position and momentum, resulting in a quantitative violation of Newton's first law as the interference pattern spreads out at the intermediate position. The data obtained can be used to demonstrate the negativity of the Wigner function in regions outside the position and momentum intervals in which the position and momentum contributions are confined.

quant-pharXiv:2604.00417Journal of Physics PhotonicsApr 2, 20260 citations

A quantum eraser experiment

Yoon-Ho Kim, S. P. Kulik, Marlan O. Scully +1 more

Summary form only given. We say that the quantum observables "position" and "momentum" are "complementary" because the precise knowledge of the position (momentum) implies that all possible outcomes of measuring the momentum (position) are equally probable. In two-slit experiments, the common understanding is that the position-momentum uncertainty relation makes it impossible to determine which slit the photon (or electron) passes through without at the same time disturbing the object enough to destroy the interference pattern. In 1982, Scully et al. suggested a way around this position-momentum uncertainty obstacle and proposed a quantum eraser to obtain which-path or particle-like information without scattering or otherwise introducing large uncontrolled phase factors to disturb the interference. Since 1982, quantum has been claimed in several experiments; however, the original proposed ideas have not been fully demonstrated. We demonstrate them here.Summary form only given. We say that the quantum observables "position" and "momentum" are "complementary" because the precise knowledge of the position (momentum) implies that all possible outcomes of measuring the momentum (position) are equally probable. In two-slit experiments, the common understanding is that the position-momentum uncertainty relation makes it impossible to determine which slit the photon (or electron) passes through without at the same time disturbing the object enough to destroy the interference pattern. In 1982, Scully et al. suggested a way around this position-momentum uncertainty obstacle and proposed a quantum eraser to obtain which-path or particle-like information without scattering or otherwise introducing large uncontrolled phase factors to disturb the interference. Since 1982, quantum has been claimed in several experiments; however, the original proposed ideas have not been fully demonstrated. We demonstrate them here.

Quantum Electronics and Laser Science ConferenceJan 20, 20030 citations

t

. Here, it is shown that this lower limit can be violated by quantum superpositions of states confined within the respective position and momentum intervals. These violations of the particle propagation inequality show that quantum mechanics changes the laws of motion at a fundamental level, providing a different perspective on causality relations and time evolution in quantum mechanics.